人体解剖学-大脑cerebral-hemisphere

CerebralHemispheres,FalxcerebriTentoriumcerebelliSupratentorial&infratentorialcompartmetns,position,Externalfeatures:lateralview,3sulcus&5lobesFronatalParietalOccipitaltemporallobesinsularlobe,Frontallobeanteriorcentralgyrussuperior,middle,inferiorfrontalgyrusParietallobeposteriorcentralgyrusintraparietalsulcus:superior&inferiorparietallobule(supramarginalgyrus&angulargyrus),TemporallobeSuperior,middle,inferiortemporalgyrustransversetemporalgyrus,importantsulcusandlobes:medialview,medialaspectofthehemisphere,corpuscallosumrostrumgenubodyspleniumfornixcallosomarginal/cingulatussulcus,Limbicsystemisusedincludethelimbiclobeaswellasassociatedsubcorticalstructureincludinganteriornucleusofthethalamus,hypothalamus,olfactorybulbandsoon.,Thecortexofthelimbicsystemisthecorticalvisceralarea,Olfactorybulbandolfactorytractgyrusrectusorbitalgyri,Inferiorview,Cerebralcortex,HistologicalorganizationFunctionalareas,themolecularexternalgranularouterpyramidalinternalgranularinternalpyramidalpolymorphiclanina,Histologicalstructure,CerebralCortex,Brodmannsmapconsistsofapproximately52area.,primarysomatosensoryareaprimarysomatomotorareaacousticareavisualarea,Functionallocationofthecerebralcortex,PrimarysomaticmotorandsensorycortexTheprecentralgyrus(+anteriorportionofparacentrallobule)issomatomotorarea,whichcontrolcontralateralmovementsThepostcentralgyrus(+posteriorportionofparacentrallobule)issomatosensoryarea,whichreceivesimpulsesfromcontralateralsomaticsensoryorgans.,Primarysomaticmotorandsensorycortex,auditoryarea:transversetemporalgyrusTheauditorycortexineachhemispherereceivesimpulsesfrombothsideofthehearing.Visualarea:calcarinesulcusThevisualcortexineachhemispherereceivesimpulsesfromthetemporalhalfofipsolateralretinaandthenasalhalfofthecontralateralretina.,specialsomaticsensorycortex,functionofcortexofthehemisphere,Speecharea:motorspeech:talkcheirokinestheticcenter:writesensoryspeechvisualspeech:readauditoryspeech:hear,functionofcortexofthehemisphere,MotorspeechareaPosteriorpartofmiddlefrontalgyrusisaregionconcernedwiththemotormechanismsofwritingformulation.Posteriorpartofinferiorfrontalgyrusinthedominanthemispheres(usuallytheleftinrighthandindividuals)arereferredtoasBrocasspeecharea,aregionconcernedwiththemotormechanismsofspeechformulation.,auditoryspeechareaTheposteriorpartofthesuperiortemporalgyrus(supramarginalgyrus)isconcernedwiththeauditorymechanismsofspeechformulationinthedominanthemispherethebasisforunderstandingandinterpretingauditorysensorysignals.,visualspeechareaangulargyrusisconcernedwiththevisualmechanismsofspeechformulationinthedominantthebasisforunderstandingandinterpretingvisualsensorysignals.,LanguageareasAuditorylanguagearea(supramarginalgyrus)Visuallanguagearea(theangulargyrus)Motorlanguagearea(Brocasarea)Writinglanguagearea,LeftandRightBrainFunctions,Internalstructures,BasalnucleiLateralventricleWhitematter,cortexSubcortex:whitematter,basalnucleiandlateralventricle,BasalGanglia,caudatenucleuslentiformnucleusamygdaloidbodyclaustrum,MassesofgraymatterfounddeepwithinthecorticalwhitematterComponentsoftheextrapyramidalsystemIncludesthe:CaudateNucleusLentiformNucleusGlobuspallidusPutamenAmygdala,Thebasalganglia,BasalNuclei,Relationshipofbasalganglia,Allregionsofcerebralcortexprojecttothebasalganglia,butoutputofbasalgangliaisdirectedtowardsthefrontallobe,particularlypre-motorandsupplementarymotorcortex,Connectionsofthestriatum,Majorinterconnectionsofthebasalganglia,FunctionsofBasalNuclei,InfluencemuscularactivitySubconsciouscontrolofskeletalmuscletoneandcoordinateslearnedmovementpatternsRegulateattentionandcognitionRegulateintensityofsloworstereotypedmovementsDoesntinitiatemovementsbutoncemovementisunderway,theyassistinthepatternandrhythmInhibitantagonisticandunnecessarymovement(example:preventstremorsatrest),FunctionsofBasalNuclei,Infoarrivesatthecaudatenucleusandtheputamenfromsensory,motor,andassociationareasofthecortex.Processingandintegrationoccurswithinthenucleiandtheninfoissentfromtheglobuspallidustothemotorcortexviathethalamus.Thebasalnucleialtermotorcommandsissuedbythecerebralcortexviathisfeedbackloop.,Whitematterofthecerebralhemisphere,CommissuralfibersAssociationfibersProjectionfibers,Commissuralfibers,interconnectcorrespondingcorticalregionsoftwohemispheresare:CorpuscallosumAnteriorcommissureisasmallcompactbundlewhichcrossesthemidlinerostraltocolumnsoffornix.Fornix(hippocampalcommissure),Commissures:Connectcorrespondinggrayareasofthetwohemispheres.Corpuscallosum,anteriorcommissure,hippocampalcommissure,Corpuscallosum,anteriorcommissure,anteriorcommissure,hippocampalcommissure,Associationfibers:Connectdifferentpartsofthesamehemisphere,Shortassociationfibersarchthroughthefloorofeachsulcustoconnectadjacentgyrus.Longassociationfibersinterconnectecorticalregionsindifferentlobeswithinsamehemisphere.,Projectionfibers,Ascendinganddescendingfibersconnectingthecortexofcerebralhemisphereandsubcortex(basalganglia,diencephalon,brainstem,cerebellum,spinalcord)Ascendinganddescendingfibersconveyingimpulsestoandfromtheentirecortexofcerebralhemispherearecalledprojectionfibers.Theprojectionfibersarrangeasaradiatingmassandbecomeconcentratedinanarrowarea,arecalledinternalcapsule,betweenthecaudateandthalamusmedially,andthelentiformnucleuslaterally.,FiberTractsInCerebralWhiteMatter,Internalcapsuleisaconcentratedstructureoftheprojectionfibersbetweenthethalamusandcaudatenucleusmedially,andthelentiformnucleuslaterally.,anteriorlimbisbound