中医 英语简介.ppt

TraditionalChineseMedicine,1.Philosophicalbackground:principleshumanbodyisaself-regulatinguniversewithasetofsophisticatedclosely-relatedsubsystems.Philosophically,humanbodyisoperatedonthemovementofyinandyang(阴阳)andfiveelements(五行).Subsystemsincludeqi(气)xu(血)bodyfluid(津液)zng-f(脏腑bodyorgans)meridians(经络circulationchannels)etc.Healthisperceivedasharmoniousinteractionofentitiesofthesesubsystemsandtheoutsideworld;diseaseisinterpretedasadisharmonyorimbalanceininteractionbetweenthehumanbodyandtheenvironment(outsideworld).,HypothesisonTCM,2.Philosophicalperceptions1）yinandyang(asinTaoism)representtwoabstractandcomplementaryaspectsthateveryphenomenonintheuniversecanbedividedinto.Theconceptofyinandyangisalsoapplicabletothehumanbody;forexample,theupperpartofthebodyandthebackareassignedtoyang,whilethelowerpartofthebodyarebelievedtohavetheyincharacter.,2）FiveElements(五行)Fiveelementtheorypresumesthatallphenomenaoftheuniverseandnaturecanbebrokendownintofiveelementalqualitiesrepresentedbywood(木,m),fire(火,hu),earth(土,t),metal(金,jn),andwater(水,shu),whichareinter-generativeandinter-contractive.,3.Subsystemsofthebody1)Qi(气)Qiisamediumflowinginsidethebloodvesselsandisdistributedintheskin,muscles,andtissuestransportingandcirculatingbalancedyinandyanginthemeridians(经络).JustastheQiheldbyeachofthezang-fuorgans(脏腑器官),itisalsoconsideredtobepartoftheprincipaloressentialqi(元气、真气)ofthebody.ConsiderablepartofQiisinheritedfromtheparentsandwillbeconsumedinthecourseoflife;otherpartisbelievedtobepartiallygeneratedfromfoodanddrink,andpartiallyfromair(bybreathing).Qiinheritedfromparentsstoredinthe丹田(about3寸underthenavel)isusedtonourishthemind(brain).,Generally,Qiissaidtohavefivecardinalfunctions,whichare:Actuation(推动)ofallphysicalprocessesinthebody,especiallythecirculationofallbodyfluidssuchasbloodintheirvessels.Thisincludesactuationofthefunctionsofthezang-fuorgansandmeridians(pathwaysofQi).Warming(温煦)thebody,especiallythelimbs.Defense(防御)againstExogenousPathogenicFactors(外源病因)Containment(固摄)ofbodyfluids,i.e.keepingblood,sweat,urine,semenetc.fromleakageorexcessiveemission.Transformation(汽化)offood,drink,andbreathintoqi,xue(blood血),andjinye(“bodyfluids”津液),and/ortransformationofallofthelatterintoeachother.,2)Xue(blood血)Incontrasttothemajorityofotherfunctionalentities,xu(血,blood)iscorrelatedwithaphysicalformtheredliquidrunninginthebloodvessels.Itsconceptis,nevertheless,definedbyitsfunctions:nourishingallpartsandtissuesofthebody,safeguardinganadequatedegreeofmoisture,andsustainingandsoothingbothconsciousnessandsleep.Typicalsymptomsofalackofxu(usuallytermed“bloodvacuity”血虚,xux)aredescribedas:pale-whiteorwithered-yellowcomplexion,dizziness,floweryvision,palpitations(心悸),insomnia,numbnessoftheextremities;paletongue;finepulse.,3）jny津液bodyfluidCloselyrelatedtobloodarethejny(津液,usuallytranslatedasbodyfluids),andjustlikeblood,theyareconsideredtobeyininnature,anddefinedfirstandforemostbythefunctionsofnurturingandmoisturizingthedifferentstructuresofthebody.Theirotherfunctionsaretoharmonizeyinandyang,andtohelpwiththesecretionofwasteproducts.津液areultimatelyextractedfromfoodanddrink,andconstitutetherawmaterialfortheproductionofblood;conversely,bloodcanalsobetransformedinto津液.Theirpalpable(易觉察的)manifestationsareallbodilyfluids:tears(泪),sputum(痰),saliva(唾液),gastricjuice(胃液),jointfluid,sweat,urine,etc.,4)Zang-fu(脏腑bodyorgans)Zang-fuconstitutethecentrepieceofTCMssystematizationofbodilyfunctions.Bearingthenamesoforgans,theyare,however,onlysecondarilytiedto(rudimentary)anatomicalassumptions(the腑alittlemore,the脏muchless).Astheyareprimarilydefinedbytheirfunctions,theyarenotequivalenttotheanatomicalorganstohighlightthisfact,theirnamesareusuallycapitalized.Thetermzng(脏)referstothefiveentitiesconsideredtobeyininnatureHeart(心,)Liver(肝),Spleen(脾),Lung(肺),Kidney(肾),whilef(腑)referstothesixyangorgansSmallIntestine(小肠),LargeIntestine(大肠),Gallbladder(胆),UrinaryBladder(膀胱),Stomach(胃)and三焦(Snjia).,The脏zngsessentialfunctionsconsistinproductionandstorageof(气)qandblood(血);inawidersensetheyarestipulatedtoregulatedigestion,breathing,watermetabolism,themusculoskeletalsystem,theskin,thesenseorgans,aging,emotionalprocesses,mentalactivityetc.Theforgansmainpurposeismerelytotransmitanddigest(传化,chun-hu)substanceslikewaste,food,etc.Sincetheirconceptwasdevelopedonthebasisoffiveelementphilosophy,eachzngispairedwithaf,andeachzng-fpairisassignedtooneoffiveelementalqualities(i.e.,theFiveElementsorFivePhases).,Thesecorrespondencesarestipulatedas:Fire(火)Heart(心)andSmallIntestine(小肠)(and,secondarily,Snjia(三焦)andPericardium(心包)Earth(土)Spleen(脾)andStomach(胃)Metal(金)Lung(肺)andLargeIntestine(大肠)Water(水)Kidney(肾)andBladder(膀胱)Wood(木)Liver(肝)andGallbladder(胆)Thezng-farealsoconnectedtothetwelvestandardmeridians十二经脉eachyangmeridianisattachedtoaforganandfiveoftheyinmeridiansareattachedtoazng.Asthereareonlyfivezngbutsixyinmeridians,thesixthisassignedtothePericardium心包,apeculiarentityalmostsimilartotheHeartzng.,5)Jing-luo:pathwaysofQi(经络)humanbody,apartfromtherunningbloodinthevessels,isalsoruledbyainvisibleflowofpowercalledQithatbuildsupandstorewithinthebody.Itisaforcethathasitsownorders,rhythms,directionsandmoments.Bigpathwaysofthisforceare经jing,andsmallpathwaysofitare络luo.Thesepathways(经络)arebelievedtobecirculationchannelsrunningfromthezng-fintheinterior(里)ofthebodytothelimbsandjoints(thesurface表),transportingqiandblood.BlockageofpathwayswillcauseQiandbloodstagnation,evenworseisparalysisofthejointsandmuscles.TCMidentifies12regularand8extraordinarypathways;theChinesetermsbeing十二经脉(lit.theTwelveVessels)and奇经八脉respectively.Theresalsoanumberoflesscustomarychannelsbranchingofffromtheregularpathways.,4.Therapies1)herbalmedicine中草药-Typically,onebatchofmedicinalsispreparedasadecoctionofabout9to18substances.Someoftheseareconsideredasmainherbs,someasancillary辅助性herbs;withintheancillaryherbs,uptothreecategoriescanbedistinguished.,2）Acupunctureandmoxibustion针灸zhnjiAcupuncturemeansinsertionofneedlesintosuperficialstructuresofthebody(skin,subcutaneoustissue,muscles)usuallyatacupuncturepoints(acupoints)andtheirsubsequentmanipulation;thisaimsatinfluencingtheflowofqi.AccordingtoTCMitrelievespainandtreats(andprevents)variousdiseases.AcupunctureisoftenaccompaniedbymoxibustiontheChinesecharactersforacupuncture(针灸)literallymeaning“acupuncture-moxibustion”whichinvolvesburningmugwort艾草onorneartheskinatanacupuncturepoint.,Acupunctureandmoxibustion,3）cupping拔罐Cupping(拔罐)isatypeofChinesemassage,consistingofplacingseveralglasscups(openspheres)onthebody.Amatchislitandplacedinsidethecupandthenremovedbeforeplacingthecupagainsttheskin.Astheairinthecupisheated,itexpands,andafterplacingintheskin,cools,creatinglowerpressureinsidethecupthatallowsthecuptosticktotheskinviasuction.Whencombinedwithmassageoil,thecupscanbeslidaroundtheback,offeringreverse-pressuremassage.,4）GuaSha刮痧GuaShaisabradingtheskinwithpiecesofsmoothjade,bone,animaltusksorhornsorsmoothstones;untilredspotsthenbruisingcovertheareatowhichitisdone.Itisbelievedthatthistreatmentisforalmostanyailmentincludingcholera.Theredspotsandbruisingwillhealin3to10daysautomaticallywithoutanyextraaid,andthereisoftensomesorenessintheareathathasbeentreated.,5)Chinesefoodtherapy食疗ChinesefoodorNutritiontherapy,isamodalityoftraditionalChinesemedicine.Centraltothisbeliefsystemistheideathatcertainfoodshaveahotorheat-inducingqualitywhileothershaveacoldorchillingeffectonthebodyanditsorgansandfluids.Animbalanceofthisheatandcoldissaidtoincreasesusceptibilitytosicknessortodirectlycausediseaseitself.Suchanimbalanceisn