主要脏器的组织学结构特点

HistologyofImportantOrganswangmin2015HeartKidneyLiverSmallintestinelung,1.Heart,endotheliumsubendocardiumPurkinjefiberinit,mesothelium,CT,adiposecells,1.Endocardium(心内膜）,2.Myocardium（心肌膜）,3.Epicardium（心外膜）,Conductivesystemofheartsinoatrialnodeatrioventricularnodebundles,(1)Pacemakercell(2)Transitionalcell(3)Purkinjefiber,2.Liver,Largestinternalorgan(exocrinegland)Multi-roles:1)plasmaproteinssynthesesalbumins,globulins,lipoproteins,glycoproteins,fibrinogens2)VitA.D.E.K3)Degradedrugsandtoxins4)Secretebile5)Endocrinelikefunctions:(modifyH.GF)(secretesAngiotensinogen)6)Bloodformationandfiltration,StructureofHepaticlobules（肝小叶）,Centralvein(中央静脉）Hepaticplates(肝板）（hepatocytes肝细胞）Hepaticsinusoids（肝血窦）Dissespace（窦周隙),PortalArea(portaltriads),InterlobularAInterlobularVInterlobularbileduct,Hepatocyte(5Monthslong,multi-functional,renewing),LM:肝索、肝板大多边形嗜酸性1-2核EM:丰富的各种细胞器3细胞临界面胆小管,OrganellesandinclusionsinhpatocyteMi：about1000能量RERmuch合成蛋白SERmuch脂代谢，降解毒性Proxisome：200-300降解过氧化物Lysosomemuch降解衰老细胞器等Depositsofglycogens,lipiddroplets,lipofusin(脂褐素）pigment,HepaticSinusoids,DiscontinuousendotheliumKupffercells（肝巨噬细胞）,3.SmallIntestine,4LayersMucosa黏膜simplecolumnar单柱laminarpropria固有层muscularismucosa黏膜肌层Submucosa黏膜下层Musclelayer肌层Serosa外膜（浆膜）3projections:P.V.MV（三种突起）2smalldigestiveglands（小肠腺）LT,NT（淋巴神经）,Villi（绒毛）specificfeaturesforsmallintestines,上皮+固有层Microvilli（纹状缘）细胞膜+细胞质,Plicae：黏膜+黏膜下层,Smalldigestiveglandsinintestines,Mucosalglands（小肠腺）inlaminarpropriaofallsegmentsSubmucosalglanddeudenalG(十二指肠腺）,SimplecolumnarEofsmallintestines,Enterocyte肠上皮细胞(absorptiveC吸收细胞)MucinsecretingC(Golblet杯状细胞)EnteroendocrineC（内分泌细胞）PanethC（潘氏细胞）MicrofoldC（微皱褶细胞）IntraepithelialLc(IEL)&IEM（上皮内L/M)未分化细胞,Enterocytes,Absorpionalstructures:MV:striatedborderGlycocalyxdigestiveenzymesterminaldigestionTightjunctionLaterobasalextracellularspaceVesiclesSecreting:enzymes,sIgA(withplasmacells),OthercellsinE,Coreofvilli:LCT,SmoothM,immunecellsfenestratedCap:sugars,AA,FALacteal（中央乳糜管）,Microfoldcellandmucosaimmunity,GALT（肠道相关淋巴组织）:DiffusedLTIsolatedLnodule3)AggregatedLnodules(Peyerspatches),Nervetissueinsmallintestinessubmucosalandmyentericnerveplexuses（黏膜下神经丛、肌间神经丛）,sagittalplaneRenallobe:1pyramid&itscortexRenallobule:1ray&surroundinglabyrinthRenalcolumns（肾柱）corticaltissurebetweenpyramids,Renalstructure,UrinarytubulesNephron（肾单位）renalcorpuscle（肾小体）glormerulus(血管球)Bowmanscapsule（肾小囊）renaltubules（肾小管）proximal/thin/distaltubulesCollectingtubules（集合管）Juxtaglormerularcomplex（球旁复合体）,Renalcorpuscle1-4millions血管极、尿极glormerulusrenalcapsuleparietal（壁层）visceral（脏层）podocyte（足细胞）,Glomerularstructure1.fenestratedcapillaries（有孔毛细血管）2.BM（基底膜）3.podocyte(足细胞）4.filtratingmembrane(滤过膜）5.mesangialcells（系膜细胞）,1.Renalfenestratedcapillary,2.基底膜,完整（连续）的肾小球基底膜,基底膜（三层次结构）和滤过膜,3.Podocyte,初级突起次级突起（足突）裂孔、裂孔膜（slitdiaphragm）,podocyte,4.Filtrationmembrane（滤过膜）Endothelialpores+BM+Slitmembrane（裂孔膜）,5.Mesangialcells（系膜细胞）,细长突起清洁基底膜,Proximal&DistalTubules近端小管、远端小管,OutermedullaInnermedulla(deep),Collectingtubule,40uto200upale-stainingcytoplasmfewerorganelleswater-permeableregulatedbyADH,Juxtaglomerularapparatus球旁复合体（器）,1.球旁细胞分泌肾素renin2.致密斑感受器3.球外系膜细胞传递信号,Renin-Ang-ALD-system(RAAS)肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统-sodium/waterresorption,Renin-PAS+,5.LungStructureserosa，lobes,lobulesConductingPortion（导气部）支气管树细支气管终末细支气管Respiratoryportion（呼吸部）呼吸性细支气管肺泡管肺泡囊肺泡,气管、支气管壁：1)Mucosa(黏膜）pseudostratifiedciliatedlaminarproper2)Submucosa（黏膜下层）气管腺3)Adventitia（外膜）软骨,Bronchioleanditsbranches细支气管及分支,AlveolarEpithelia肺泡上皮TypeIalveolarcell40%cover95%surfaceextremelythinsquamous（薄）tightjunctions（紧密连接）notcapableofdi