第二章-主要理论PPT课件

.,1,第二章主要理论MajorPerspectives,MedicalPsychology,.,2,精神分析理论TheTheoryofPsychoanalysis行为主义理论TheTheoryofPsychologicalbehaviorism人本主义理论TheTheoryofHumanisticPsychology认知理论TheTheoryofPsychologicalCognition,.,3,TheTheoryofPsychoanalysis,潜意识理论(Unconsciousnesstheory）人格结构理论（Structuresofpersonality）性欲发展阶段理论（Psychosexualstages）心理防御机制理论（Defensemechanisms）释梦理论（Dreaminterpretation）,.,4,决定论的观点,严格的决定论者：所有的行为都有原因，行动以及思想和感觉都不会偶然发生精神分析的作用及方法：在隐藏的驱力和冲突中寻找思想、感觉和行动的来源，以及考察个体早期经验与基本的人类本质交互作用以产生成人个性的方式,.,5,MentalStructureofPsychoanalysis,意识（Conscious）包括存在于可以立即觉察到的水平的东西意识潜意识（Unconscious）包括我们没有觉察到的心理活动的所有方面前意识（Preconscious）许多思想和主意在我们对它们集中注意时或企图将它们带入意识水平时就会得到，但其并不总是处于意识水平,.,6,KeyWords,UnconsciousApartofthepersonalityofwhichapersonisunaware.Theunconsciouscontainsinstinctualdrives:infantilewishes,desires,demands,andneedsthatarehiddenfromconsciousawarenessbecauseoftheconflictsandpaintheywouldcauseusiftheywerepartofoureverydaylife.PreconsciousThememoriesorfeelingsthatarenotpartofonesimmediateawarenessbutthatcanberecalledthroughconsciouseffort.,.,7,PersonalityStructure,本我（Id）“Pleasureprinciple”自我（Ego）“Realityprinciple”超我（Superego）“Principleofideal”,.,8,KeyWords,IdTheraw,unorganized,inheritedpartofpersonalitywhosepurposeistoreducetensioncreatedbybiologicaldrivesandirrationalimpulses.Presentfromthetimeofbirth,thesolepurposeoftheidistoreducetensioncreatedbyprimitivedrivesrelatedtohunger,sex,aggressionandirrationalimpulses.Theidoperatesaccordingtothepleasureprinciple,inwhichthegoalistheimmediatereductionoftensionandthemaximizationofsatisfaction.,.,9,KeyWords,EgoThepartofpersonalitythatprovidesabufferbetweentheidandtheoutsideworld.Incontrasttothepleasure-seekingnatureoftheid,theegooperatesaccordingtotherealityprinciple,inwhichinstinctualenergyisrestrainedinordertomaintainthesafetyoftheindividualandhelpintegratethepersonintosociety.,.,10,KeyWords,SuperegoThepartofpersonalitythatrepresentsthemoralityofsocietyaspresentedbyparents,teachers,andothers.Thesuperegoactuallyhastwocomponents,theconscienceandtheego-ideal.Theconsciencepreventsusfromdoingmorallybadthings,whiletheego-idealmotivatesustodowhatismorallyproper.,.,11,.,12,Psychosexualstages&oedipuscomplex,口腔期（oralstage）肛门期（analstage）性器期（phallicphase）潜伏期（Latencystage）生殖器性期（Genitalstage）,.,13,Oralphase(0-2yearsold),Freudsfirststageofpersonalitydevelopment,frombirthtoaboutage2,duringwhichinfantsobtaingratificationprimarilythroughthemouth口腔是第一个给予婴儿快感的身体器官，通过口腔获得维持生命的营养，还通过吸吮和啃咬获得快感固着：部分利必多能量分配给了对前一个心理性阶段的注意，没有转到后一个发展阶段过食、酗酒、强迫性吸烟、咬铅笔/手指、冷嘲热讽,.,14,Analphase(2-3yearsold),Freudssecondstageofpersonalitydevelopment,fromabout2toaboutage3,duringwhichchildrenlearntocontroltheimmediategratificationtheyobtainthroughdefecationandtobecomeresponsibletothedemandsofsociety肛门是这一时期的性快感带，对大便的保留和排泄引起快感的推迟及满足，通过攻击行为和排泄功能获得满足肛门性格：吝啬、固执、对整洁和秩序过分注意,.,15,Phallicphase(3-5yearsold),Freudsthirdstageofpersonalitydevelopment,fromaboutage3toaboutage5,duringwhichchildrenobtaingratificationprimarilyfromthegenitals生殖器区是这一时期主要的性感带俄底普斯情结（oedipuscomplex）Occurringduringthephallicstage,feelingsofrivalrywiththeparentofthesamesexandloveoftheparentoftheoppositesex,ultimatelyresolvedthroughidentificationwiththeparentofthesame,.,16,阉割焦虑（castrationanxiety）/阴茎妒忌（penisenvy）认同（identity）同性恋,.,17,.,18,DefenseMechanism,三种焦虑：现实焦虑（环境）、神经焦虑（本能）、道德焦虑（道德）心理防御机制（mentaldefensemechanism）是指个体处在挫折与冲突的情景时，在其内部心理活动中具有对抗焦虑的一种适应性倾向，是一种潜意识的心理保护机制,.,19,KeyWords,DefensemechanismUnconsciousstrategiespeopleusetoreduceanxietybyconcealingitssourcefromthemselvesandothers.,.,20,心理防御机制与心理健康的关系常见心理防御机制的表现压抑（Repression）Theprimarydefensemechanism,inwhichunacceptableorunpleasantidimpulsesarepushedbackintotheunconscious.Forexample,acollegestudentwhofeelshatredforhermothermightrepressthesepersonallyandsociallyunacceptablefeelings,.,21,倒退/退行（Regression）Peoplebehaveasiftheywereatanearlierstageofdevelopment.Forexample,astudentwhoisoverwhelmedbyexamsmightactinachildish,immaturemannertoescapehisresponsibilities转移（Displacement）Theexpressionofanunwantedfeelingorthoughtisredirectedfromamorethreatening,powerfulpersontoaweakone.Aclassiccaseisyellingatonessecretaryafterbeingcriticizedbytheboss,.,22,合理化（Rationalization）Adistortionofrealityinwhichapersonjustifieswhathappens.Forexample,apersonwhoispassedoverforanawardsaysshedidntreallywantitinthefirstplace否认（Denial）Refusaltoacceptoracknowledgeananxiety-producingpieceofinformation.Forexample,astudentrefusestobelievethathehasflunkedacourse,.,23,投射（Projection）Attributingunwantedimpulsesandfeelingstosomeoneelse.Forexample,amanwhoisangerathisfatheractslovinglytohisfatherbutcomplainsthathisfatherisangrywithhim升华（Sublimation）Diversionofunwantedimpulsesintosociallyapprovedthoughts,feelingsorbehaviors.Forexample,apersonwithstrongfeelingsofaggressionbecomesasoldier,.,24,DreamInterpretation,梦是有意义的心理现象，是个体愿望迂回的满足，是潜意识冲突和愿望的隐晦的表达。显梦（manifestdream）Theovertstoryline,characters,andsettingofadream-theobvious,clearlydiscernibleeventsofthedream隐梦（latentdream）Thedeepermeaningofadream,usuallyinvolvingsymbolism,hiddencontent,andrepressedorobscuredideasandwishes,.,25,述评,.,26,TheTheoryofPsychologicalBehaviorism,经典条件反射Classicalconditioning操作条件反射Operantconditioning社会学习/观察模仿Sociallearning/Observationallearning,.,27,ClassicalConditioning,巴甫洛夫Pavlovsexperiment无条件刺激(Unconditionedstimulus/US)无条件反射(Unconditionedreflex/UR)条件刺激(Conditionedstimulus/CS)条件反射(Conditionedreflex/CR),.,28,.,29,.,30,CharacteristicsofClassicalConditioning,强化（Reinforcement）泛化（Generalization）分化（Discrimination）消退（Extinction）,.,31,KeyWords,ReinforcementTheprocessbywhichastimulusincreasestheprobabilitythataprecedingbehaviorwillberepeated.StimulusgeneralizationThetransferofalearnedresponsetodifferentbutsimilarstimuli.StimulusdiscriminationLearningtorespondtoonlyonestimulusandtoinhibittheresponsetoallotherstimuli.ExtinctionAdecreaseinthestrengthorfrequency,orstopping,ofalearnedresponsebecauseoffailuretocontinueparingtheUSandCSorwithholdingofreinforcement.,.,32,Operantconditioning,斯金纳Skinnersexperiment奖赏（Rewar