厦门大学大学化学9纳米材料-3课时

1,Lecturer:GuanghuiYueEmail:yueghCollegeofMaterials,XiamenUniversity,IntroductiontoMaterialsChemistry,2,NanoscienceNanotechnology,Whatisit?,3,Nanotechnol,Nanometre,Nano-,stuff,Nano-Produ,Nanomedicine,Nanoscience,Nanobots,Aprefixthatmeansvery,very,small.,ThewordnanoisfromtheGreekwordNanosmeaningDwarf.Itisaprefixusedtodescribeonebillionthofsomething,or0.000000001.,Nano:,4,Howsmallarenanostructures?,=100micrometers,=100,000nanometers!,1nanometer=onebillionth(10-9)meter,5,WhatisNano?,Nanoreferstothescaleofnanometers.Thisisthescaleofmolecules,proteins,andothernano-objectsthatarethetopicsofthiscourse.,6,Howbigisnano?,Nanomeansonebillionth(x10-9)Writtenanotherway:x0.000000001Onenanometerequals0.000000001meters(or0.000000003feet),7,Smallerstill,Hair,.,8,UnderstandingSize,1metre,9,UnderstandingSize,10centimetres,10,UnderstandingSize,1centimetre,11,UnderstandingSize,100micrometres,12,UnderstandingSize,10micrometres,13,UnderstandingSize,1micrometre,14,UnderstandingSize,100nanometres,15,UnderstandingSize,10nanometres,16,UnderstandingSize,1nanometre,17,H,OneNanometer,H,H,H,O,O,O,N,N,18,OneNanometer,Water(H20),DNA,SmallProtein,19,OneNanometer,Water(H20),QuantumDot,CarbonNanotube,20,DifferentsamplesofCdSenanocrystalsintoluenesolution,21,Whatismattermadeof?,Atoms,Molecules,22,Whatareatoms?Howbigarethey?Howwellcanwe“see”them?,Atomsareroughly2-52-5埃米sindimension2-5*10-10m,Takeamillimeteranddivideitinto1000parts:micron10-6mTakeonemicronanddivideitinto1000parts:nanometer10-9mTakeonenanometeranddividein10parts:angstrom10-10m,1,23,Nano:TheMiddleGround,“Macroscopic”Scale,GalacticScale,“Microscopic”Scale,Molecular/AtomicScale,Subatomicscale:NuclearPhysicsParticalPhysics,atoms,Nanoscale,24,Nano:TheMiddleGround,Galactic,“Macroscopic”,“Microscopic”,“Nanoscopic”,Molcular/AtomicScale,Subatomic/NuclearParticle,?,?,1020m,1010m,101m,10-6m,10-9m,10-15m,10-10m,?,25,Nanotechnol,Nanometre,Nano-,stuff,Nano-Produ,Nanoscience,Nanobots,Apartofsciencethatstudiessmallstuff.,Itsnotbiology,physicsorchemistry.Itsallsciencesthatworkwiththeverysmall.,Nanoscience,26,WhatisNanoscience?,Eigleretal.NATURE363,1993,HowisnanosciencedifferentthanChemistryBiologyPhysicsWhatdistinguishesnanosciencefromothersciences?,27,Thestudyofnanometerscalethings?,DNA,Water,CarbonNanotubes,28,IsntthisjustBiologyandChemistry?,YESandNO.,29,Nanoscience,StudyingINDIVIDUALnanometerscalethings,Observation,Experiment/Manipulation,30,CanScientistsreallydothisnow?,DonEigler,IBM,Ironatomsonacoppersurface,31,AtomicManipulation,ScanningProbeTip,Atom,32,HandmakingMolecules!,WilsonHoUC,Irvine.,33,Nanotechnol,Nanometre,Nano-,stuff,Nano-Produ,Nanoscience,Nanobots,Nanotechnology,Includesadvancesinallindustries,includingtheelectronic,chemical,andpharmaceutical.,Theartandscienceofmakingusefulstuffthatdoesstuffonthenanometrelengthscale.,34,TheSpaceElevator?Ultrahighstrengthmaterialsallowtowertobebuiltintospace!(?),WhatisNanotechnology?,35,Tinymachinesinyourbodycuringcancer?身体里的小机械可以帮助治愈癌症,WhatisNanotechnology?,36,DNAComputersinabeakerthatvastlyoutperformourfastestsupercomputers?,WhatisNanotechnology?,37,Well.Sortof.NotReally.,SomeoftheseamazingviewsofthefuturehaveagrainofrealityinthemWelltakealookatadvancesinMaterialsscienceNanobiotechMolecularcomputing,38,Nanotechnology,TECHNOLOGIESNanomaterialsNanolithographyScanningProbeMicroscopySelf-Assembly,APPLICATIONSSuperfast/smallcomputersSuperstrongmaterialsSuperSlipperyMaterialsTissueEngineeringDrugDeliverySensors,39,Nanosciencevs.Nanotechnology,Nanoscience:exploringandstudyingthepropertiesofthenanoscale,Applyingtheuniquepropertiesofthenanoscaletotechnology,40,WhathasenabledNanoscienceandNanotechnology?,AdvancesinComputingPowerNewGenerationofScientificInstrumentsScanningProbeMicroscopes,Anincompletelist.,VerySharpTipscansoversamplesurface,ScanningTunnelingMic.(STM)AtomicForceMic.(AFM)MagneticForceMic.(MFM)NearFieldScanningOpticalMic.(NSOM),ATOMICRESOLUTION,WhyNanonow?,41,ScanningProbeMic:Sharptip,ScanningProbeTip,Sample,Sample,Sharptipmovesoversurfaceandmeasuressomeproperty,42,STM,NobelPrize1986,BinnigandRohrer,43,STMimages,Examples,44,AFMimages:Adenovirus,ViralDNA,AtsukoNegishiUNCMat.Sci.,45,Howdowemakenanostructures?,Howdoweseenanostructures?,46,First,howdowemakenanostructures?,LithographySelf-assembly-physicalorchemical,47,Makingamicroscopicmask,NanoscopicMask!,Lithography,48,Lithography,IBMCopperWiringOnaComputerChip,PatternedSeveralTimes,49,SELFASSEMBLY,Block“A”,Block“B”,10%A,30%A,50%A,70%A,90%A,OrderedPhases,PMMA,PS,Scalesetbymolecularsize,DiblockCopolymer,50,BASICNANOPOROUSTEMPLATEPROCESSAPPLICATIONS,DepositionTemplate,EtchingMask,NanoporousMembrane,Removepolymerblockwithincylinders(UVorebeamexposure;Aceticacidrinse),“Aversatile,self-assembling,nanoscalelithographicsystem”,51,SEMIMAGEOFNANOPOROUSPOLYMERTEMPLATE,ArrayPeriod=24nmPoreDiameter=14nm,MW=42,000,PS/PMMA,52,FUNCTIONALNANOARRAYS,GlassPillars,PatternedMedia,SeparationsTEM,SEM,STM,AFMcrystalstructure(thedetailedatomicarrangementinthechemicalphasescontainedwithinthemicrostructure);XRD,ED,LEEDchemistry(theelementsandpossiblymoleculargroupingspresent);EDS,AESelectronicstructure(thenatureofthebondingbetweenatoms).IR,UV,67,68,MaterialsScience:Nanomaterials,HumanMadeMaterials,Biologicallymadematerials,69,CarbonNanotubes,BuckminsterFullereneC60,Smalley,Curl,Kroto.NobelPrize,70,Graphein:(Greek)towrite,TheFormsofCarbon,71,CarbonNanotubes:CylindersofSheetLattices,MultiwallCNT=Nestedtubes,72,WhatisaCarbonNanotube?,CNTisatubularformofcarbonwithdiameterassmallas1nm.Length:fewnmtomicrons.CNTisconfigurationallyequivalenttoatwodimensionalgraphenesheetrolledintoatube.ACNTischaracterizedbyitsChiralVector:Ch=n1+m2,ChiralAnglewithrespecttothezigzagaxis.,73,Nanotubeshavechirality,Armchair(n,m)=(5,5)=30,ZigZag(n,m)=(9,0)=0,Chiral(n,m)=(10,5)030,(纳米管具有手性),74,75,TypesofCNTs,SingleWallCNT(SWCNT)MultipleWallCNT(MWCNT)Canbemetallicorsemiconductingdependingontheirgeometry.,76,Schematicofasingle-walledcarbonnanotube(SWNT),Schematicofamulti-walledcarbonnanotube(MWNT),77,78,AcidBasedPurification,BeforePurificationAfterPurification,79,Whatsthebigdealaboutcarbonnanotubes?,AmazingMechanicalPropertiesAmazingElectricalProperties:CanbeconductorsorsemiconductorsCouldbethebuildingblockofnanocomputing,80,81,82,MechanicallyDeformedCarbonNanotubes,Perfectflexibility,0,30,45,60,90,83,84,CNTintoRings,ConnectCNTheadtotailandformrings,85,Applications:CompositeMaterials,nanotubespokingoutoffracturededgeofpolymercomposite,86,87,Applications:Electronics,21APRIL2000VOL288SCIENCE,CrossedNanotubeJunctionsM.S.Fuhrer,1J.Nyg.rd,1L.Shih,1M.Forero,1Young-GuiYoon,1M.S.C.Mazzoni,1HyoungJoonChoi,2JisoonIhm,2StevenG.Louie,1A.Zettl,1PaulL.McEuen1*,88,Applications:FieldEmission1,Samsungprototypecarbonnanotubedisplay,89,OttoZhou.UNCPhysics,ColdCathodeX-raymachine,ThepotentialadvantagesofthefutureCNTX-raydevicesarefastresponsetime,programmablexrayintensity,programmablespatialdistribution,ultra-finefocalspot,rapidpulsationcapacity,longlifetime,lowenergyconsumption,miniaturization,andlowcost.,Applications:FieldEmission2,90,acarbonnanotubebactivatedcarbonccarbonnanotubecalcinedat900oC,Storageofhydrogeninsingle-walledcarbonnanotubes,H2andCNT,91,92,93,94,95,ZhaoDYetal.J.Amer.Chem.Soc.2007