语篇语用学及语篇对等

翻译学张莉,Unit7TextualPragmaticsandequivalence,1,Equivalence,part,1.TranslationProperlyDefined,Mainstreamtranslationtheorysuggeststhatfundamentaldifferencesexistbetweentranslationandothertext-processingactivities.Unsatisfactorilyansweredquestion:Whatpreconditionsmustbemetforatexttobeclassifiedastranslationproper?BetweentheresultanttextinL2(theTLtext)andtheSTinL1(theSLtext)thereexistsarelationshipwhichcanbedesignatedasatranslational,orequivalencerelation.(Koller,1995:196)Translationsareproducedunderdifferentconditionscomparedwithotheractivities.,Strictlypertainingtotranslation,Thatproceedfromasourcetoaderivedtext(e.g.summarizing,explaining),2Langue-orientedvsParole-orientedEquivalence,ConstitutestherealobjectofenquiryinTranslationStudies,Textualequivalenceisobtainedattheleveloftextincontextnotatthelevelofthelinguisticsystem,Waytoreconcilethetwoextremes,Todefineequivalenceinrelative(notcategorical)termsandinhierarchical(notstatic)terms.,vs,3Equivalence:DoubleLinkage,Kollerviewsequivalenceas:Kollerproposedfivemodelsofequivalence:,Aprocessconstrained,bytheinfluenceofavarietyofpotentiallyconflictingSL/TLlinguistictextualandextra-textualfactorsandcircumstances,bytheroleofthehistorical-culturalconditionsunderwhichtextsandtheirtranslationsareproducedandreceived,double-linkage,totheSTtothecommunicativeconditionsonthereceiversside,SLformsstrictlyreplacedbyanidenticalTLform,SLformisreplacedbyaTLformthatbasicallyreferstothesame“thing”.,similarityofassociation,enableustoworkwiththekindoflanguagethatistypicalacertainkindoftext,amoodofwriting,acertainattitude,etc.,toachievesimilarityofeffectandcaterforreaderexpectations,AnExampleofKollersFiveModelsofEquivalence,e.g.“IhadwantedforyearstogetMrsThacherinfrontofmycamera.Asshegotmorepowerfulshegotsortofsexier.”(Newsweek21May2001boldinoriginal)formalequivalence:English:strategy,bureaucracyArabic:statiijiyya,biirokratiyyadenotativeequivalence:Translatorcanoptforthislevelofequivalenceinanylanguages,withtherelationshipof“sex-sexy”blem:mayconveysthlikepornographic(色情的)connotativeequivalence:sexyattractivenessproblem：“attractiveness”canbeassociatedwiththephysicalterm“gravity”thataretoodirectandscientificforthiscontext.text-normativeequivalence:sexualattractivenessattractivefemininityglossthetranslationwith“sotospeak”pragmaticequivalence:theeffectontheTTreadersufficientlyclosetothatexperiencedbytheSTreader,impossibleinformalequivalence,WernerKoller:TheConceptofEquivalenceandtheObjectofTranslationStudies,Translationfromalinguisticandtextualperspective:Theconditioningfactors,doublelinkage,andtheequivalenceframeworksoftranslation,FactorsandConditions,Thesourceandtargetlanguageswiththeirstructuralproperties,possibilities,andconstraints.The“world”asitisvariouslyclassifiedintheindividuallanguagesDifferentrealitiesasthesearerepresentedinwaypeculiartotheirrespectivelanguagesThesourcetextwithitslinguistic,stylisticandaestheticpropertiesinthecontextofthelinguistic,stylisticandaestheticnormsofthesourcelanguageLinguistic,stylisticandaestheticnormsofthetargetlanguageandofthetranslatorStructurefeaturesandqualitiesofatextPreconditionsforcomprehensiononthepartofthetarget-languagereaderThetranslatorscreativeinclinationsandunderstandingsoftheworkThetranslatorsexplicitand/orimplicittheoryoftranslationTranslationtraditionTranslationprinciplesandinterpretationoftheoriginaltextbyitsownauthorTheclientsguidelinesanddeclaredpurposeofthetranslationThepracticalconditionsunderwhichthetranslatorchoosesorisobligedtowork,Frameworksofequivalence,Fromalinguistic-textualstandpoint,thefollowingequivalenceframeworksareofparticularsignificance:Theextra-linguisticcircumstancesconveyedbythetextTheconnotations(withmultiplicityofconnotativevalues)conveyedbythetextviathemodeofverbalizationThetextandlanguagenorms(usagenorm)whichapplytoparalleltextsinthetargetlanguageThewaythereceiveristakenintoaccountAestheticpropertiesofthesource-languagetext,2,Decision-making,part,Whatmotivatestranslatordecision-making,Achievingequivalenceinvolvesacomplexdecision-makingprocess,JiriLevydefinedintermsofmovesasinagameofchess.Thesedecisionsarehierarchicalanditerative.Aestheticstranslatorsownaestheticsstandardscognitionandknowledgetranslatorsownsocio-cognitivesystem(culturalandsystemofvalues,beliefs)commissionThisraisesissuesoftranslationpurpose,loyalty,andconflictsofinterests.,JiriLevy:TranslationasaDecisionProcess,Gametheory(博弈论)Fromtheteleologicalpointofview:translationisaPROCESSOFCOMMUNICATION:toimparttheknowledgeoftheoriginaltotheforeignreader.Fromthepragmaticpointofview:translationisaDECISIONPROCESS:Aseriesofacertainnumberofconsecutivesituations-moves,asinagame-imposingonthetranslatorthenecessityofchoosingamongacertainnumberofalternatives.Minimaxstrategy(极小化极大策)Translatorresortstothatoneofthepossiblesolutionswhichpromisesamaximumofeffectwithaminimumofeffort.e.g.aversetranslationpreserveinrhymesthevowelsoftheoriginalplayaminorpartrenounce,preferable,吉里列维,捷克斯洛伐克学者是现代欧洲翻译研究的代表人物之一,其翻译理论代表作有翻译艺术(1963)、文学翻译理论与实践(1969)和论文翻译理论对译者有用吗?(1965)、翻译是一个抉择过程(1967)等等。在列维的翻译理论和思想中带有布拉格学派的痕迹,因此,他也被认为是翻译理论中的布拉格学派代表。,博弈论的主要内容是利用数学方法探索最优的对抗策略,从而把损失降低到最低限度。列维从博弈论中得到启发,认为翻译过程就是一个博弈与策略选择的过程。对弈者在走棋过程中,每走一步棋都要作出选择,而选择一经做出,就预先确定了自己随后棋步的走法,后面的每一步棋都受到前面决策的影响。开局选择不同,随后的走法也不同,就会有不同的结局。,Conclusion,Wedealwithgrammarandvocabularynotinisolationbutaspartoftextincommunicationduringthetranslationprocess.ItistheSTanditslinguistic-stylisticstructureandmeaningpotentialthata