English Academic Writing--第四章.ppt

EnglishAcademicWriting,Chapter4:WritingStyle,EnglishAcademicWriting,Leadin:(1)Whatiscitation?Howmanykindsofcitationarethereandwhichkinddoyouprefer?(2)Whatdoyouusuallydowithin-textcitation?(3)Whatisplagiarism?Howtoavoidit?(4)Inpairsorgroups,pleasediscussthedetailsofreferencesbasedonyourexperience?(5)Whatarethecharacteristicsoflanguageinacademicpaper?(6)whatarethecommonstyleguidesthatyouarefamiliarwith?,ChapterFour:WritingStyle,PartOne:Citationvs.plagiarismPartTwo:ReferencesPartThree:LanguageStyle,ChapterFourPartOne:Citationvs.plagiarism,1.IntroductionDefinition:Citationistheactofidentifyingsources.Acitationnamestheauthorandworkandprovidessufficientbibliographicinformationtoallowthereadertotrackdowntheoriginalsource.Twotypesofcitation:,(1)Citationasnote/reference,(2)Citationasmaterialquoted.,ChapterFourPartOne:Citationvs.plagiarism,2.GuidelinesforCitingtheIdeasofOthersCiteonlythemostappropriateandthelatestliterature.Citethepublishedliterature.Providecitationsfordirectquotationsandparaphrases,forideas,anddatatakenfromanoriginalsource.Accuracyincitationmustbeguaranteed.Citationformatmustbestandardized.Betentativeincitationratherthanbeingtooassertive.Donotcitemorethanisnecessary.Dontputa“catch-all”citationattheendofaparagraph.Citeasyouuse.,ChapterFourPartOne:Citationvs.plagiarism,3.In-TextCitationThreewaysofin-textcitation:Boththenameanddateenclosedinparentheses.E.g.:,1.Enzymesareinhibitedbycyanide(Grubb,1977).,2.Cyanidehasbeenfoundtoinhibitenzymeaction(Grubb,1977;Smith,1980;Taylor,1983).,3.Cyanidehasbeenfoundtoinhibitenzymeaction(Jonesetal.,1985).,ChapterFourPartOne:Citationvs.plagiarism,Tomakethelastnameoftheresearcherthesubjectorobjectofthesentenceorclauseandfollowitimmediatelywiththedateofthestudyinparentheses.E.g.:BecauseGrubb(1977)foundthatcyanideinhibitsenzymesGrubb(1977)foundthatcyanideinhibitsenzymes.,ChapterFourPartOne:Citationvs.plagiarism,Ifyouwishtoemphasizethedateofthecitedstudy,youcanomittheparenthesesbysayingthat:E.g.:Asearlyas1977,Grubbobservedtheinhibitoryeffectofcyanideonenzymeaction.,Somejournalsjustcitethesequenceofthereferencesinthetextinordertosavespace.E.g.:Vibrationisusedtoprepareuniformgranularmixturesortosegregategranularcomposites3,7,12,16,19,ChapterFourPartOne:Citationvs.plagiarism,4.FootnotesDefinition:Footnotes,alsocalled“bottomnotes”or“end-of-the-pagenotes”,markitsusebyaddinganumberinuppercasetotheupperrightcornerofthewordsorsentencestobenoted,andthenputthenoteinthebottomofthepage.E.g.:,_22Note,thisisdifferentfromthereferencescenarioreferredtothroughoutthispaper,inthatitincludestheimpactondemandofpricesgeneratedbytheERISmodel.23Andaround86%ofcumulativealcoholconsumptionintransport.,ChapterFourPartOne:Citationvs.plagiarism,5.EndnotesDefinition:Endnotesareputattheendofthearticle.Endnoteshelpreadersunderstandandretrieverelevantdocumentations.Itshouldbenotedthatthenumbersoftheendnotesmustbeconsistentwiththesequenceinthearticle.E.g.:,Notes1.LeonardShatzkin,InColdType:OvercomingtheBookCrisis(Boston:HoughtonMifflin,1982).2.PaulStarr,“TheElectronicReader”,inReadinginthe1980s,ed.StephenBraubard(NewYork:Bowker,1983),149.3.Shatzkin,79.4.Starr,149.,ChapterFourPartOne:Citationvs.plagiarism,6.Plagiarism(1)Definition:Plagiarismistheactofusingsomeoneelsesideasorwordseitherinspokenorwrittenformwithoutgivingthatpersoncredit.,ChapterFourPartOne:Citationvs.plagiarism,(2)Content:,ChapterFourPartOne:Citationvs.plagiarism,(3)Methodstoavoidplagiarism:Summarizewhatyouhavereadimmediatelyafteryouhavereaditandwithoutreferringbacktothesourceinordertoavoidcopyingdirectlyfromthesource.Whencopyingdirectlyfromthesourceorevenparaphrasewhatyouhaveread,besuretonotethepagenumberfromwhichitcomes.Inwriting,provideclearreferencestothesourcesquoted.DocumentallthesourcesquotedintheReferencessection.gotomain,ChapterFourParttwo:References,1.IntroductiongotomainTherearemanystyleguidesforacademicwriting,butthemostwidelyusedonesareAPA,CMSandMLA.,ChapterFourPartTwo:References,2.WhatStyleGuidetoUse?lAnthropology:AmericanAnthropologicalAssociationsStyleGuideOnline:/pubs/style_guide.htmlBiology(alsonaturalsciences):CouncilofBiologyEditorsStyleManualOnline:/writing/Handbook/DocCBE.htmllChemistry:AmericanChemicalSociety(ACS)StyleGuideOnline:/chemistry/info/acs.htmllEconomics:Turabian(asimplifiedChicagostyle)Online:/writetest/Handbook/DocChicago.htmllEnglish:MLAHandbookforWritersofResearchPapersOnline:/writetest/Handbook/DocMLA.html.,ChapterFourPartTwo:References,3.ContentofReferences(1)Author(2)Titleandversion(3)Sourcetype(4)Publicationdetails(5)Sourceofdocument,ChapterFourPartTwo:References,4.ReferencesSystems(1)SequentialSystem(2)Author-YearSystem,SequentialSystemarrangesthereferencesinchronologicalorderaccordingtotheorderofthereferencesinthepaper.,Author-YearSystemarrangesthereferenceaccordingtothealphabeticalorderoftheauthorslastname.,ChapterFourPartTwo:References,Activity1:Analyzethereferencesofalinguisticjournalandtrytodetermineitscharacteristics.参考文献Alreck,P.L.Journalarticletitleislisted;Journalnameandbooknameareinitalics,Whenthereareanumberofauthors,listthemall.,ChapterFourPartTwo:References,5.APAReferencesDefinition:TheAPAstyleguideprescribesthattheReferencesection,bibliographiesandotherlistsofnamesshouldbeindicatedbysurnamefirstandmandatesinclusionofsurnameprefixes.E.g.:“MartindeRijke”shouldbesortedas“DeRijke,M.”.“SaifAlFalasi”shouldbesortedas“Al-Falasi,S.”.PrintSourcesElectronicSources,Rules1.directreadersspecificallytothesourcematerialusingURLswhichwork,2.includetheaccessdate,3.includeallotherrelevantAPAstyledetailsforthesource.,ChapterFourPartTwo:References,6.ACSStyleDefinition:TheACSstyle,astandardmethodofcitationinacademicpublications,originatedwiththeAmericanChemicalSociety(ACS).TheBibliographysectionoftheACSstyleappearsattheendofthepaperinalphabeticalorderifcitedbyauthoranddateorinnumericalorderifcitedbynumbers.BookBookorEncyclopediaChapterInternetSiteJournalNewspaper.,ChapterFourPartTwo:References,7.CautionslAllsourcescitedinthetextmustbedocumentedintheReferencessection.lNootherreferenceislistedintheReferencessectionunlessitwascitedinthetext.lWriteasmuchinformationasnecessary.lAdaptthemethodofdocumentationtonewneeds.gotomain,ChapterFourPartThree:LanguageStyle,1.IntroductionAcademicassignmentsusuallyfollowaparticularstyle;herearesomecommonlyobservedfeatures:TentativeFormalObjectiveConciseVaried,ChapterFourPartThree:LanguageStyle,2.Tentativeness(1)Avoidover-generalizationssuchas“always”and“every”,replacethemwith“often”and“many/much”.(2)Uselinguistic“hedges”(bably,seems,mightbe)toqualifygeneralizations.(3)Usetentativewordsorphrasessuchas“tendsto”,“indicatesthat”,“suggeststhat”.(4)Limityourclaimsberealistic.,ChapterFourPartThree:LanguageStyle,Activity2:RewritethefollowingsentencesinmoretentativeEnglish:Recentresearchprovesthatallpeoplepreferemailtotraditionalletter-writingasamodeofcommunication(Mahlab1994).Thisalwaysoccurswheneverthereisadownturnincommodityprices.Everylearnerinternalizesnewlanguagebetterifgivenaclearcontext.Thegovernmentsdrunk-drivingcampaignhasledtoadecreaseinthenumberofroaddeaths.Internationalstudentsarealwaysquietintutorials.,ChapterFourPartThree:LanguageStyle,Key:Recentresearchsuggeststhatamajorityofpeoplepreferemailtotraditionalletter-writingasamodeofcommunication(Mahlab1994).Thistendstooccurwheneverthereisadownturnincommodityprices.Learnerstendtointernalizenewlanguagebetterifgivenaclearcontext.Thegovernmentsdrunk-drivingcampaignmayhaveledtoadecreaseinthenumberofroaddeaths.Many(thoughnotall)internationalstudentstendtobeamongthequieterparticipantsintutorials.,ChapterFourPartThree:LanguageStyle,3.FormalityAvoidslangandtoo-casuallanguage,e.g.“cool”or“prettyawful”.Usefullformsofwordsratherthanabbreviations,e.g.,“doesnot,shouldhave,itis”ratherthan“doesnt,shouldve,its”.Avoidphrasalverbs,e.g.“lookinto”,preferringsinglepolysyllabicverbs,e.g.“investigate”.Usepowerfulreportingwords:“support,claim,suggest,recommend,andcontradict”.Makeslessuseofcoordinationandgreateruseofsubordination.Avoidinformalpunctuationsuchascontractionsanddashes;colonsandsemi-colonsfeaturecommonlyinacademicstyle.Usecomplexratherthansimplesentences,andlongratherthanshortparagraphs.Avoidtheuseofrhetoricalquestions.,ChapterFourPartThree:LanguageStyle,4.ObjectivityUsereferencingtoindicatesources.Useimpersonalexpressionsandthepassivevoice,e.g.itcanbeconcludedthat.,ithasbeenclaimedthat.Usethirdpersonpronouns,avoidthefirstperson“I,we”orsecondperson“you”.Avoidsexistandbiasedlanguage,forexample,using“oldpersons”insteadof“elderly”.Avoidwordsthathaveemotionalorattitudinalconnotations.,ChapterFourPartThree:LanguageStyle,Activity3:RewritethefollowingsentencesinmoreobjectiveEnglish:Ithinkthatsmokinginpublicshouldbebanned.Ithinkobjectivityontelevisionisnothingmorethananideal.Ifoundthatthevocabularychoiceplayedaroleindeterminingwhichtopicsspeakerstakeup.,ChapterFourPartThree:LanguageStyle,Key:Thereisacaseforstrictergovernmentcontrolonsmokinginpubli