transCAD简单教程

一、概况 Tran b b s.ComTransCAD系统是由美国Caliper公司开发的交通GIS软件，现已推出用于Windows平台的3.5版。二、技术特性TransCAD软件把地理信息技术和交通规划技术较好地结合在一起，可以方便地对各类交通运输及相关数据进行存储、提取、分析和可视化。由于采用先进的Windows环境及一系列最新的开发方法，使得软件具有较好的风格：先进的菜单界面、强大的图形功能、方便的工具栏、良好的开放性、多文档、多用户操作等等。TransCAD与其它Windows应用程序相仿，对容量没有硬性限制，最大限度地发挥硬件能力。运行环境为Windows 3.1及以上版本。TransCAD 3.5为32位应用程序。三、功能特性TransCAD主要包括5大功能： Windows下的、功能强大的地理信息系统； 扩展数据模型，提供显示和处理交通数据的基本工具； 汇集了极其丰富的交通分析过程； 各式各样、数量巨大的交通、地理、人口统计数据； 可以生成宏、嵌入、服务器应用及其他用户程序。 交通过程主要包括： 网络和路径： 生成、设置、路段方向、选定路段、转向工具箱、最短路、多路径、货郎担问题、网络分割、带宽设定等 线路系统： 线路服务、站点服务、线路编辑等 规划： 出行产生、吸引、平衡、快速反应模型、出行分布、交通分配等 公交： 网络生成、设置、最短路、网络阻抗计算等 路线和逻辑分析：成本矩阵计算、货运路线计算与显示、弧最短路、指派问题、运输问题、货流配送、最小成本流、分区、聚类、设施定位等 统计： 报表、校正、模型估计、模型应用、生成模型文件、邻接矩阵、空间校准等TRANSCAD教程1 - Project and TransCAD Overview TRANBBS.ComORGANIZATIONInstructor/TAs:M.G.McNally and Pat McGowenOffice:Social Science Tower 531/506Laboratory:(typically) Friday 10-12Open Lab: days/hours tbdOffice Hours:MWF 12-1 PMPats Tel: 824-6571Email:LAB OBJECTIVESTo provide hands-on experience with transport planning, analysis, and design and to present Geographical Information Systems (GIS) fundamentals. TERM PROJECTHomework assignments and the course project will utilize TransCAD, a PC-based GIS for transportation which is installed in the Civil Engineering Computer Lab in EG3141. A formal lab will be held every week; typically on Fridays but occasionally on Mondays and Wednesdays (a discussion section often may be held as part of the lab). Individual copies of TransCAD are not available, but additional formal lab time will be scheduled as needed. TransCAD manuals will be available in the Lab, and may be checked out from the TA or the main CEE office. The course project will be completed individually (or perhaps in teams of 2). There will be intermediate reports due during the quarter, and a comprehensive final report will be due during exam week (tentatively, June 16, 2004). Incorporated into the final report will be one or more network design solutions. It is highly recommended that each person/team keep all project material in a 3-ring binder to facilitate management of project documentation. All project reports must be prepared professionally. Given the importance of technical writing in the Civil Engineering profession, each submitted project will receive two equally weighted grades: one for technical content, one for report quality. Formal report preparation guidelines are included in the course notes. Sample projects from prior years are available from the instructor or TA. LAB REFERENCES Caliper (1996) TransCAD Users Guide Version 4.0 Additional material focusing on GIS will be available in the lab or on-line. Project Report Style Guide GRADINGLab works will account for 35% (30% on term project and 5% on unannounced quizzes in lab) of the total course grade. SCHEDULE See Overall Course ScheduleINTRODUCTION What is TransCAD? TransCAD is a full-featured Geographic Information System (GIS) designed specifically for managing analyzing, and presenting data related to transportation systems and facilities. It contains a comprehensive set of transportation analysis models that are commonly used by transportation professionals in their daily work. What is a GIS? Different definitions of a GIS have been used in different disciplines. For the newcomers to GIS, consider this relatively simpler definition: A computer software designed to manage and display data that describe features on the Earths surface. Examples of such features with transportation relevance are: freeways, streets, bus routes, intersections, bus stops, etc. Why GIS for transportation system analysis? GIS make it possible to display and visualize phenomenon such as traffic. For example, GIS can display on a map streets with various widths to represent different amount of traffic on these streets. In addition, GIS can be used to prepare data for analysis in ways not possible with traditional transportation modeling software. Fundamentals of GIS To be able to use TransCAD efficiently, it is necessary to understand some fundamentals of GIS. Two of the most important GIS concepts are introduced here to facilitate the understanding of the tutorial materials. More GIS concepts will be introduced throughout the quarter. Maps are generated from a databaseAlthough GIS display maps, in most cases these maps are not stored in computers as image files. Maps are generated by GIS from a database with different tables. For example, each node in the map (Figure 1) is generated based on the coordinates in the Nodes table (on the upper right hand side). Each street link is generated by linking the two end nodes (see the Highways/Streets table). Features are organized into layersA map can be regarded as a set of overlaying transparencies. Each transparency is drawn with one type of feature. For example, in Figure 1, the map consists of two layers: Nodes and Highways/Streets. Each layer is associated with a data table and each feature is linked to a record in the table. TransCAD Tutorial See page 15 to 23 of the TransCAD Users Guide Figure 1 Map and Database The Miasma Beach Transportation ModelThere are six Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZs) in Miasma Beach, and two external stations. Zones 1 and 2 are in the Central Business District (CBD), zone 3 is an urban residenTIAl area neighboring zone 4, zone 4 is a major commercial and industrial area about two miles east of the CBD, and zones 5 and 6 are suburban residential zones located about five miles east of the CBD. Zones 7 and 8 are External Stations representing the eastern and western extremes of Coast Highway, the arterial which traverses the southern border of the City along the beach. Tran bbs.ComThe initial transportation network for the city comprises a grid of secondary-classified major arterials and a single primary arterial (Coast Highway). The six TAZs are attached by single 0.25 mile centroid connectors. Facility operating characteristics are detailed in Table 1. +-+ | Miasma Mountains | + N | | 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th W+E| | Str Str Str Str Str S | | | + 1-+-+-+-+-+-5 Mountain | | | | | Avenue | | CBD |1 mi | 4 Urb.Res. | | | | | | | Suburbs | + 2-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-6 Miasma | | | | | Blvd | | |1 mi 3-+ Comm/Ind | | | | | | | + 8-+-+-+-7 Coast | | 0.5 2.0 2 mi 0.5 Highway | | | | Ext.Station Ocean Beaches Ext.Station | + | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 1. City of Miasma Beach Network Schematic Spring 2004 Table 1. Miasma Beach Speed-Capacity Table - Link Type Speed Lanes Capacity/Lane - 1. Freeway 60 2 1800 3. Primary Arterial 45 2 900 4. Secondary Arterial 30 1 600 5. Local Street 15 1 300 8. Ramp 30 1 600 9. Centroid Connector 25 9 1000Task 1. VALIDATE 2004 BASE YEAR NETWORK You are provided with two sets of TransCAD files, mb2004.* and Taz.*. The first, mb2004, contains the GIS layer of the coded transportation network; the second, Taz, contains the Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZ) layer and activity system data (demographics and trip ends). The first task is to create a map file in TransCAD and to validate the zone system and network structure. TRANBBS.ComGIS ConceptsWhy are there so many files with the same file names, mb2004 and Taz? To efficiently manage information pertaining to a layer, a GIS usually divides the information into different files. It takes all the files with the name of mb2004 to generate the Miasma Beach network in TransCAD. If you want to work from a different directory or computer, you must copy the entire set of files.1.1 Create Base Miasma MapConstruct the TransCAD map file which contains the GIS data for the Base Year 2004 Transportation System T and the Activity System A.1.1.1 Open a Geographic FileGo to File / Open. On the File Open dialog box, select the drive and directory where you store your files (mb2004.* and Taz.*). Select Geographic File under the List Files of Type. You should see MB2004.DBD and TAZ.DBD in the file box. Select MB2004.DBD and click OK. You should now see a stick network in front of you. The network does not contain end points and intersecting points. To see them, go to Map / Layers. On the Layers dialog box, under Layers in Order of Display, select Nodes (it is hidden now) and click the Show Layer button. Close this dialog box.Exercises: Change color and style of the streets Hide streets Label each street with ITS name (Hint: All you need is the Layers dialog Box) 1.1.2 Add Another LayerGo to Map / Layer again. Click the Add Layer button. On the File Open box, open the Geographic File of TAZ.DBD. You should now see the TAZ layer being added to your map but some parts of the TAZ layer seem to be displayed outside of the window. Go to Map / Scale. On the Map Scale dialog box, select Show the Entire Layer of TAZ and Selection Set All Features. GIS ConceptsWorking Layer (or Current Layer) When you have more than one layers in your map, there is always one layer designated as the Working Layer (or Current Layer). All the manipulations on the map (such as labeling or querying) apply to the working layer only. Exercises: Ask TransCAD to draw TAZs before the Highway/Streets network.(Hint: Move Up and Move Down in the Layers dialog Box) Ask TransCAD to drop the streets from the map and add it back again(Hint: Drop Layer and Add Layer in the Layers dialog Box) Label each TAZ with its ID and street with its name (Hint: switch the Working Layer between Highways/Streets and TAZ and label each layer) Examine the MapExamine the map and compare it with Figure 1. Familiarize yourself with this map and the characteristics of the various link, node, and zone attributes.1.1.3 Save the MapAfter you set up the display of the map to the way you want (which should be labeled properly), go to File / Save As. On the Save As dialog Box, select the drive and directory where you store your files. Select Map File under the List Files of Type. Type in MB2004 under File Name for your map and click OK. GIS Concepts What is a *.map file?A *.map file contains information about the settings of the map such as, what layers are in the map, the color and style of each layer, texts, labels, and freehand items (markers) on top of the map, and the scale of the map. It is important to know that the *.map file itself does not contain databases of the layers. It only tells TransCAD where are the databases and how to display them. Without the geographic files, the map file alone can not generate maps.T r anbbs.Com1.2 Network UpdatesSelect Highways/Streets as the Working Layer. Implement all network changes identified below. Adjust the attributes for all links accordingly.1. Delete the section of Miasma Boulevard between 3rd and 4th Streets (over the Miasma wetlands) 2. Delete the section of 2nd Street between Miasma Blvd. and Mountain Avenue. 3. Add a section of 4th Street between Coast Highway and Miasma Blvd. 4. Add a section of 3rd Street between Miasma Blvd. and Mountain Avenue. 5. Due to recent development changes, the centroid of Zone 3 along with its connector have changed. Change the connector so that it connects with Coast Highway instead of 3rd St. It should meet the highway 1.5 miles from 1st St and 1.5 mile from 4th St. 6. All Miasma network links are secondary arterials with the exception of: a. Mountain Ave from node 310 to 345 is a local street b. 3rd Street from Coast Highway to Miasma Blvd. is a local street c. The entire length of Coast Highway is a primary arterial 1.2.1 Delete LinksTo delete a link, go to Tools / Map Editing. The Map Editing tool box will show up. Press down the Delete button and click at the link that is supposed to be deleted (see (1) in the description above). The color of the link would change and you should see the Red Light and Green Light buttons appear in the Map Editing tool box. Carefully examine if you click at the link that is supposed to be deleted, if you click at the wrong link, click the Red light button. The change will not be saved. If you are sure that you have the right one, click the Green Light button. The change will be saved and you should see the link being removed from the map. 1.2.2 Add Links To add a section of 4th Street between Coast Highway and Miasma Blvd, first click on the Configure Settings button. Click on Update under the Join/Split Attribute Settings. Change the Choosen Options to Copy for both joining and splitting for every field. Click on the midpoint of Coast Hwy between 3rd and 5th. This should split this segment to two 1 mile stretches. Click on the info tool (i.e. the i button in the Tools box) and click on Coast Hwy between 3rd and 4th. Change H_DIST from 2.00 to 1.00. Do the same editing for Coast Hwy between 4th and 5th. Press down the Add Line in Map Editing box and add a line from the intersection of 4th & Miasma Blvd to Coast Hwy (i.e., single click at the intersection of 4th and Miasma Blvd, drag the dash line straight to Coast Hwy, then double click when the line meets the splitting point). Click on the new line and fill in each field the same value as that of 5th street, since they have the same length and are both secondary arterial. Follow the same procedure to add a section of 3rd Street between Coast Highway and Miasma Blvd. .2.3 Move Centroid To change the centroid location, first delete the centroid connector between the node of centroid 3 and 3rd St. Press down the Join Line button and click on both links of 3rd St to join them into one. Ensure that the H_DIST of this combined link is 1.00. Using the same process as before, split the section of Coast Highway between 1st St and 3rd St. The split should be located about 1.5 miles from 1st and 0.5 miles from 3rd, just below the location of centroid 4. Then add a line from the split point to about 0.25 miles above the split. Using the info tool, edit this new line so that it contains the same properties as the other centroid connectors. The new node at the end of this link will be assigned an ID by TransCAD (ie, 351.) Again using the info tool, change the number of this node to 3. As this node is the centroid, it must be named to correspond with its zone.1.2.4 Edit Link Attributes To change attributes of network links, use the info tool and follow the way you edit H_DIST described above. 1.3 TAZ Updates The TAZ.* files contain information regarding the traffic analysis zones in Miasma Beach, including demographic data. The zonal information stored in this TransCAD network is incomplete, you must fill in a few entries. Set TAZ as your working layer, and open the dataview. For zone 2, change the POP (population) value from 0 to 1550. For zone 5, change the EOTH (other employment) value from 0 to 50, and the ETOT (total employment) from 0 to 150. For Zone 6, change the Household Income from 3800 to 38,000.GIS Concepts Editing in a GISA GIS usually does not let you undo the editing you do. This is because managing geographic information is more complicated than managing just texts and numbers. To prevent users from changing the database accidentally, most GIS ask for your confirmation (such as the Red light and Green light buttons in TransCAD) before the change is saved. Spatial QueryA GIS let you retrieve information pertaining to a geographic entity on the map. This function is sometimes referred to as Spatial Query. You can use the spatial query tools (such as the i button in the Tools box) to review and edit the entitys attribute data. 1.4 Formulate AttributesAfter you finish editing the network, you need to calculate the free flow travel time for both directions of a street. It is easier to do this task in a Dataview (a table that displays data for the entire layer) than using the info tool, because you are now dealing with all streets, not just some of them. To open the Dataview of the Miasma network, make sure the Highways/Streets is the working layer. Click at the New Dataview button. A data window will show up. Examine the data. The attributes data shown in Highways/Streets dataview should correspond to those in Table 1.GIS ConceptsLink DirectionIn the dataview of the Miasma network, Dir stands for direction and is used to indicate if the street is one-way of two-way. In Miasma Beach, Dir link values are all 0 indicating that they are all two-way