动词与动词短语专题

动词及动词短语专题一、考试说明的内容及要求动词主要由及物动词、不及物动词、系动词、情态动词和助动词构成。动词是英语词汇中的核心，动词短语是指动词和介词或副词的习惯搭配。动词及其构成的短语一直是高考中的热点和难点。它的用法最灵活，其种类比较多，形式复杂。每年高考中对动词短语和动词的考查都会出现24道试题，难度也比较大。在高考中特别要注意动词及其和介词、副词的搭配，以及构成的固定短语，要注意这些短语的意思，同时要在具体的语境中灵活地加以使用。二、近五年安徽高考考点分布及命题趋势 考点年份动词辨析动词短语辨析安徽五年高考46全国081115各 09913地 101212高 111112考 12713合计5065从近五年安徽英语试题来看，高考以考查下列动词所构成的短语为主，它们是：break, come, care, carry, focus, get, give, go, keep, look, put, take, use, set等。并且主要是把动词和动词短语的区别放在鲜活的语境中进行考查。三、一轮复习中存在的问题因为高考中的动词短语较多，有的短语含义丰富多达10余项内容，这在客观上给学生的记忆增加了难度。在平时的练习中，学生对有的动词基本含义掌握不牢固，对意义相近的动词和动词短语的辨析掌握不到位，欠缺在具体语境中分析动词及短语意义的能力。四、教学重点和教学策略动词短语不仅出现在单选中，而且也是完形填空、任务型和作文的常考点，因此，掌握一定的动词短语是必要的。平时要注意积累动词短语的用法。要注意解题技巧，在完形填空和任务型阅读中考查动词短语，一定要在理解语境的基础上，从语义逻辑、固定搭配、前后关系等角度去确定答案。在掌握动词短语时，不能死记短语，最好把短语放在句子中去理解，注意观察短语的用法，才能在考试中灵活使用。使学生能够在真实的语言环境中恰当地使用意义相近的动词、动词短语和固定搭配中的动词。平时要进行大量阅读，在阅读中理解动词及动词词组的新意义。五、专题教学主要内容考点一常考的几类动词规则1：连系动词特点：后面常接形容词或名词，此时动词没有进行时和被动语态。连系动词按其所表示的意义可分为以下五种：(1)变化类，表事物发展变化的过程，如become, go, turn, grow, get, fall, come等。(2)感官类，表人体部位的感受，如feel, smell, taste, look，sound等。(3)状态类，表事物所处的状态，如keep, remain, stand, lie, stay等。(4)外表特征类，表外表给人的印象，如appear, seem, look等。(5)终止类，表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达“证实，变成”之意。规则2：感官动词和使役动词(1)常考的感官动词有see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel等。感官动词的主要考点是后接非谓语动词的不同形式作补足语，表达不同的含义。(2)常考的使役动词有make, have, let等。使役动词的主要考点是后接非谓语动词的不同形式作补足语，表达不同的含义。(3)及物动词转为不及物动词后，其主动形式表示被动意义。这类动词有：open(打开，营业)，close(关门)，shut(关闭)，cut(切割)，weigh(重)，act(上演)等。如：This shop opens much earlier than it used to.这家商店比过去开门更早了。(4)某些及物动词及短语，本身表被动含义，所以它们常用主动形式。这类动词及短语有：happen, occur, cost，come out(出版)，turn up(被找到)，come into being(产生)，come to ones mind(想起)，come into use(开始使用), turn out(证明是，结果是)，come about(发生)，break out(爆发)，belong to(属于)，come up(被提出), be worth(值得做), be to blame(受责备)等。如：The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 18th century. 第一批用作英语教学的外语教材出版于18世纪。(5)“主语系动词形容词不定式”句式中。当形容词说明主语具有某种特征，主语又充当不定式的逻辑宾语时，其中不定式要用主动形式表达被动意义。常用于这一结构的形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, heavy, fit, expensive等。如：The physics problem is easy to work out.这道物理题很容易算出来。规则3：主动形式表达被动含义的动词(1)某些实义动词的主动形式后跟副词表示主语的某种属性特征，不用被动。这类动词有：sell, wash, write, last, read, wear等。如：This kind of cloth washes well and lasts long. 这种布耐洗而且耐用。规则4：接动名词作宾语的动词或短语常见的有：avoid, cant stand, consider, enjoy, escape, finish, give up, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practice, put off, resist, risk, suggest, admit, appreciate, deny, forbid等。如：The bird was lucky to escape being caught.这只鸟幸运地逃离了被捕获的命运。规则5：接不定式作宾语的动词常见的有：afford, agree, aim, arrange, choose, decide, demand, determine, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse，want等。如：He cant afford to buy such an expensive car.他买不起这么贵的车。规则6：既可接动词不定式又可接动名词的动词意义有明显区别的有：try to do(努力做), try doing(试着做); mean to do(打算), mean doing(意味着); cant help doing(忍不住做), cant help to do(不能帮助做); remember doing(记得做过), remember to do(记住去做); regret doing(后悔做过), regret to do(遗憾要去做); forget to do(忘记去做), forget doing(忘记做过); stop to do sth.(停下正做的事去做另外一件事), stop doing sth.(停止正在做的事); go on to do sth.(接着做另一件事), go on doing sth.(继续做某事)。规则7：表示 “需要”意义的动词这类词既可直接接动名词，也可接不定式的被动语态，但两者均可表示被动含义。它们是：need, want, require等。如：Your sick mother needs looking after.Your sick mother needs to be looked after.你病弱的母亲需要照顾。规则8：接虚拟语气的动词有些动词表示“命令、建议、要求”等时，其后的宾语从句用should加动词原形，其中should常可省略。它们是：order, suggest, insist, advise, demand, request, require, propose等。如：Our teacher requires this be done in no time. 我们老师要求这个立刻完成。规则9：表示“计划未能实现”的动词此类动词常用过去完成式加不定式，或用过去式接不定式的完成式表虚拟语气，表达原来的计划未能实现。它们是：intend, mean, plan, hope, expect, think, want, suppose等。如：I had meant to leave on Monday, but have stayed on. 我本想星期一走的，但又留下来了。规则10：现在表将来的动词及短语这类动词(短语)常用一般现在时或现在进行时表将来。它们是：come, go, leave, start, arrive, move, begin, fall, stay, take off等。如：Your plane takes off at a quarter past two in the afternoon. 你的飞机是下午两点一刻起飞。规则11：带介词to的动词短语带介词to的动词短语有：be(get)used to, lead to, devoteto, look forward to, stick to, object to, get down to, adapt to等。当它们后面出现动词时，要用v. ing形式。如：Lets get down to doing the work.咱们开始着手工作吧。规则12：使用替代词的动词类此类动词后面常接so/not作宾语，以此回答或代替前面的句子或主从复合句中的从句及谓语动词。这类动词有believe, guess, imagine, expect, hope, would like等。如：Will it rain this weekend?I expect so/not.考点二以介词或副词为词源形成的常用动词短语使用频率较高的这类动词有：call, cut, come, go, get, look, put, set, turn, take, pay, pick, make等。常见的介词或副词有：in, off, out, up, away, for, on, over等。1. 动词+away构成的动词短语有：throw away扔掉；put away把收拾好；give away捐赠，分发；carry away运走；run away 潜逃，跑开；go away 走开。2动词+for构成的动词短语有：answer for负责；call for要求，需要；plan for打算，为计划；hope for希望，期待；ask for索取，寻找；send for派人去请；go for努力获取；pay for偿还，赔偿；wait for等待； look for寻找。3. 动词+on构成的动词短语有：try on试穿；put on穿上，上演；have on穿着，戴着；pull on穿，戴；hold on不挂断，坚持，继续；carry on继续开展，坚持；keep on继续；go on继续；get on上(车)，相处，进展；come on赶快。4. 动词+over构成的动词短语有：come over过来；hand over移交；go over仔细检查，复习；get over克服，恢复；look over仔细检查；think over仔细考虑；take over接管；turn over翻转5. 动词+up构成的动词短语有：bring up抚育，培养；call up召唤，打电话给；come up走近，上来； cut up切碎； fix up修理；give up放弃；go up 上升，增长；grow up 长大；look up尊敬，向上看，查阅；make up虚构，弥补，组成，化妆；put up举起，搭建；pick up 捡起，(开车)接某人，偶然得到；set up建立，创(纪录); send up发射； show up 露面；turn up出现，把调高； take up占据，开始从事。6. 动词+out构成的动词短语有：come out出来； go out出去，熄灭； look out向外看，留神，当心； walk out走出去； set out出发，开始； put out扑灭，生产； give out分发，用完； hand out分发； pick out挑选出； find out找出，发现； speak out大声地说； turn out生产，结果是； get out出去，离开； work out计算出，解决，实行，行得通； carry out实现，执行； bring out拿出；start out 出发，动身。考点三以动词为词源形成的动词短语常见的这类动词有：break, care, call, carry, come, go, get, give, look, put, set, turn, take, pay, pick, make等。1、 add(1) If you add 5 to 5,you get 10. 把加到上面Five added to five is/makes 10.After a short while, he added that he would try his best. 补充说(2) The balloons added to the festival atmosphere. 增加(3) His whole school education added up to no more than one year. 加起来总共(4) Add up the numbers, and you will get 1155. 把加起来2、 agree (1) agree on 就达成共识(2) agree to do sth. 同意做某事(3) agree to the plan/decision/arrangement 同意(4) I dont agree with you/what you said/your advice. 同意The climate here doesnt agree with me. 食物、天气等适合某人You story agree with what I have already heard. 和一致3、 break(1) I am sorry that I broke my promise. 违背，违反break ones word(=promise)/break the law/break the rule (2) His health broke. (身体或精神)垮了(3) He broke away from all his old friends. 断绝来往，脱离I should break away from such habits. 改掉（习惯）(4) All our plans broke down. (计划、谈判等) 失败The peace balks have broken down.Her health broken down under the pressure of work.(=become very bad) 被搞垮，垮掉Chemicals in the body break down our food into useful substances. 分解The telephone system has broken down. (机器或车辆)出故障，坏掉In order to understand the sentence better, youd better break it down into parts. 把句子分成部分(5) The thieves planned to break into a bank.闯入，破门进入(6) The Second World War broke out in September 1939. 爆发(7) After midnight, the party broke up. 散（会）(8) I broke up the candy and gave each child a small piece. 分开The crowd broke up. 分开，分散(9) broken English 蹩脚英语(10) Our troops had little difficulty in breaking through the lines of the police. 突破4、 bring(1) He brought about a quarrel between his parents. 引起，造成She made every effort to bring about a peaceful solution to the problem. 实现(2) Electricity lines were brought down by falling trees or branches. 使倒下bring down prices 降低(3) The sale brought in over $200. 赚得(4) Dirt often brings on disease. 引起The fine weather is bringing the crops on nicely. 使成长更快，使提高(5) Can you make a sentence to bring out the meaning of the phrase? 讲解清楚(6) Joe was born in Texas but brought up in Oklahoma. 抚养He was so ill that he brought up everything. 呕吐【试题拓展】2011福建卷 Born into a family with three brothers, David was_ to value the sense of sharing.Abrought upBturned down Clooked afterDheld back 解析 A考查动词短语辨析。句意：戴维家有三兄弟，所以他在成长过程中珍视分享意识。bring up意为“教育，成长”。(7) This brought me into touch with various kinds of workers. 使进入某种状态(8) Please bring forward the matter at the next meeting. 提出They have brought the meeting forward to next Monday. 提前，提早5、 call (1) The trouble calls for quick action by the government. 要求I will call for you at five oclock. 来找某人We called for the packages at the post office. 来取某物(2) I formed the habit of calling in on him/calling in at his office in the afternoon. 顺便拜访(3) Your father is ill .You should call in a doctor at once. 找来，请来The army was called in to cut through fallen trees and to help clear the roads and paths. 召集(4) People dont like being called names. 骂人(5) Theyve called off the game because of the thick fog. 取消(6) He called upon me to speak immediately after him. 请/叫（某人做某事）(7) I called on the people of this country to work hard for national unity. 号召(8) A notice displayed in the shop window called attention to the recent increase in prices. 引起的注意6. care(1) care about 关心；计较；在乎。指由于某事重要，或因责任所在而关心计较，一般用于否定句。如： He doesnt care about his clothes他不讲究衣着。 I dont care about going there去不去那里，我无所谓。 (2) care for 关心；照料；喜欢；愿意。作“关心；照料”讲，一般用于肯定句或疑问句。如： Who will care for your children when you are away 你离开期间谁照顾你的孩子？How the Party cares for us! 党是多么关心我们啊！ Would you care for a walk? 你愿意去散步吗？ He cares more for fine new clothes than for anything else 他喜爱漂亮的新衣胜于其他的一切。 7. comecome about 发生come across 偶尔发现，想起come back回来；恢复，复原come into being发生，产生，出现，形成come into power开始执政，当权，当选come to苏醒，复原，共计，达到， 说到/提及到come to a conclusion 得出结论come to an end终止，结束when it comes to 就而论，谈到come to life 苏醒，栩栩如生come to oneself苏醒come true实现，成为现实come up走近；流行起来；发芽；(问题)被提出【试题拓展】2011安徽卷 If you _ faults but you still want the bicycle, ask the shop assistant to reduce the price.Acome across Bcare about Clook forD. focus upon解析 A考查动词短语辨析。句意：如果你碰到有瑕疵的自行车，但是你仍然想买下它，就让店员降低价格。come across碰到，偶然遇到；care about关心，在乎；look for寻找；focus upon使集中于。8. carrycarry about 随身携带carry away 冲走，带走；冲昏某人头脑，使某人激动（常用be/get carried away）-How did the lecture get along by Professor Zhang yesterday?-The audience was carried away by his inspiring speech.carry on 坚持，继续，进行carry out 贯彻，执行，实施，完成9. getget accustomed to习惯于，对习以为常get along with与相处get back取回，回来；报复get close to 接近，靠近get down to认真对待，静下心来get in touch with与取得联系get off 脱下(衣服)；下车get rid of除去，去掉；免除，摆脱get through拨通，到达，完成，通过；及格10. givegive away赠送；牺牲；泄露；颁发give back归还give in屈服，让步，投降give off发出(烟，气味)give out vt .分发，公布，发出 vi.用完After the long walk, my legs gave out and I couldnt go any further. 使筋疲力尽give up放弃；停止11. gogo by 经过，过去go beyond 超越go in for 喜欢go on 继续，接下去go on to do 接着做(另一件事)go on doing 继续做(同一件事)go on with继续go out 出去，熄灭go over 温习，检查go through 审查，履行，通过，经历，忍受go up 上升，上涨go without 无需，没有也行12. keepkeep away (from) 不接近，避开，远离keep back 阻止，扣留，隐瞒keepfrom阻止keep in mind 记住keep off 不接近，远离keep on doing 继续，不停地做keepout 使不入内keep up 保持，维持keep up with赶上，跟上，与并肩前进13. looklook about/around/round 四下环顾；查看look after照顾，看管look back on/upon回顾look down on/upon俯视；轻视look forward to盼望，期待look into窥视；调查look on/uponas把看作look out向外看；注意；当心，提防look over从上面看过去；检查，忽略look through透过看去；看穿；浏览look up 查阅，仰视look up to仰望，尊敬14. makebe made from由原料制成be made (out) of由材料制成be made up of由组成make for 向前进make oneself at home随便，别拘束make out 填写； 开支票； 理解； 辨认make up弥补，起草， 编造， 化装make way for 为让路，让路于15. putput aside 把放在一边；搁置put away 把放好，把收拾起来；储藏put back 把放回原处；拨回put down 放下；镇压；记下put forward 提出； 建议putinto把放入； 插入； 翻译成putinto use应用put off 推迟，延期；脱下put on上演，穿上，戴上put out 熄灭，伸出put through 完成，(电话用语)拨通，使穿过put up 举起； 推荐；建立；张贴put up with 忍受，容忍16. pickpick out 挑出，辨别出pick up 接 (某人),；接收(广播)；捡起；（无意中）学会；（生意）好转，（身体）好转；（汽车）加速；感染疾病；无意中买到或廉价地买到。 17. paypay a visit to 参观pay back 偿还；报复pay for 为而付款pay off还清；取得成功，获得回报It pays to invest in protective clothing. 收益，得到好处18. set be set in 以为背景set about(doing)着手，开始set out vi.出发 vt.开始，着手(to do)，布置set aside 取消，放在一边set down 放下，卸下，登记，记载set fire to (seton fire) 放火烧毁set free 释放(某人)set off vi.出发 vt.使爆炸set up 建立，设立，开办【试题拓展】(2012全国卷II)12. We _ to paint the whole house but finished only the front part that day.A. set about B. set up C. set out D. set down(2012浙江卷)15. Armed with the information you have gathered, you can_ preparing your business plan.A. set out B. set about C. set off D. set up19. taketake away拿走，减去；夺去take back收回，取消take sb.by surprise 使惊讶take down 取下，记下，占领，拆毁takefor example 以为例takefor granted 认为理所当然take in 吸收，接纳，欺骗，轻信，领会takeinto account/consideration 考虑take off vt.脱去，除去；vi.起飞，起程，成功，成名take out 拿出，取出，去除take over 接管，接任，接收takeseriously/calmly严肃认真/冷静从容地对待20. turn turn away把打发走，解雇turn down 折叠，翻下，拒绝；调小turn into 走进；变成，变为turn tofor help 求助于turn off 关上turn on 打开turn out to be 原来是，证明是，结果是turn (a)round 旋转，转过身来，改变意见turn upside down 颠倒过来，翻过来turn up 出现；上扬；调大考点四 动词易错点用法辨析1.动词的及物性与不及物性不分典型陷阱题分析1. If you want to sell your product you must _ it. A. advertise B. advertise for C. advertise on D. advertise to 【陷阱】容易误选B，认为 advertise 的意思是“做广告”，advertise for 的意思“为做广告”。 【分析】事实上，正确答案为A. advertise 可用作及物和不及物动词：用作及物动词时，其意为“为做广告”、“登广告宣传”；用作不及物动词时，其意为“做广告”、“登广告”，此时通常后接介词 for，表示“做广告征求”。比较：advertise for sth （sb） 登广告征求或寻找某物或某人 （此时 advertise 不及物）advertise sth 为登广告，登广告宣传（此时 advertise 是及物动词，其后要直接跟被宣传的东西作宾语） People advertise things that they wish to sell. 人们为要卖的东西登广告。 The manager wants to advertise for a new secretary. 经理想登广告招聘一位新秘书。 再比较以下用例： advertise jobs 登广告招人 advertise for jobs 登广告求职2. No matter how much youve learned and how high a standard of education you have had, you must _ the people heart and soul. A. serve B. serve for C. serve to D. serve on 【陷阱】容易误选B，即字对字地翻译汉语的“全心全意为人民服务”，将其中的“为”译为 for.【分析】答案选A，serve 意为“为服务”，可直接用作及物动词，其后不能按汉语意思误加介词 for. 3. I _ you yesterday, but you werent in. A. rang B. rang to C. rang with D. rang to【分析】答案选A，ring 可以用作及物动词，表示“给打电话”，故其后不用介词。4. Neither of her parents wanted her to _ her cousin. A. marry B. marry to C. marry with D. marry for【分析】答案选A，marry 可用作及物或不及物动词，用作及物动词时它的意思“与结婚”，而不仅仅是“结婚”，也就是说，后接宾语时，无需用介词 to, with 等。5. How can I _ you, Mr. Green？ A. contactB. contact with C. contact toD. contact for【分析】答案选A，contact 为及物动词，表示“与联系”，其后不接介词。 2. 易受固定搭配或汉语思维的制约典型陷阱题分析1. According to the rules, students must not _ their books during examinations.A. read B. watch C. notice D. look at 【陷阱】容易误选A.因为按照英语一般习惯：看书看报用动词 read，看电视用动词watch，看电影用动词see，看比赛用动词watch，看黑板用动词look at，等等。 【分析】一般说来，汉语的“看书”至少有两层意思，一是指阅读性地看书，即看书读书，此时通常用动词read；另一种看书则不是指阅读性地看书，而只是大概地翻一翻或看一看，比如看看书的封面、定价、内容提要等，或者回答问题时看看书的某些章节或字句以及考试时偷看书本等等，此时通常都不宜用动词read，而应根据情况选用其他动词（如 look at）。又如： Let me have a look at the book. 让我看看或翻翻这本书。 Please answer my questions without looking at your books. 请不看书回答我的问题。2. If they _ to make heart-felt apologies soon we will have to bring an action against them. A. disagreed B. refused C. agreed D. hoped【陷阱】容易误选A，根据 agree to do sth（同意做某事），想当然地类推出 disagree to do sth（不同意或不愿意做某事）。【分析】事实上，语言有很多问题是不能类推的，如上面这一例，英语可说 agree to do sth，但习惯上却不说 disagree to do sth.类似地，英语中可说 like doing to do sth，但在现代英语中习惯上说 dislike doing sth，却不说dislike to do sth.其实上面一题的最佳答案是B，refuse to do sth 意为“拒绝做某事”或“不愿做某事”。3. Mr. Smith was in great need of money, so he _ $2 000 for his car. A. paid B. took C. cost D. spent 【陷阱】容易误选A，误选的依据是pay for 这一搭配。 【分析】若单独说 He paid $2 000 for the car （他付了2 000美元买这车）是完全可以的，但问题是，本句前面有这样一句He was in great need of money （他急需要钱），既然是“急需要钱”，又怎么还会花2000美元去买车呢？尤其还需注意的是 car 前的物主代词 his，这说明是为自己的车花2000美元钱，不合情理。此题的正确答案是B，take 在此表示“获得”、“得到”，句意为“他急需要钱，把自己的车以2000美元给卖掉了”。六、精讲例题1. (2012全国卷I)27. Mary is really good at taking notes in class. She can _ almost every word her teacher says.A. put out B. put down C. put away D. put together2. (2012全国卷I)35. If she doesnt want to go, nothing you can say will _ her.A. persuade B. promise C. invite D. support3. (2012全国卷II)12. We _ to paint the whole house but finished only the front part that day.A. set about B. set up C. set out D. set down4. (2012天津卷)13. Parents and children should communicate more to _the gap between them so that they can understand each other better.A. open B. narrow C. widen D. leave5. (2012江苏卷) 26. OK, Ive had enough of it. I give up. You cant _ your responsibilities. A. run off with B. run up against C. run out of D. run away from 6. (2012湖北卷)21. Two lawyers have donated $50,000 to _ our schools campaign “Help the Needy”, which was started by our former headmaster three years ago.A. sponsorB. launch C. organize D. plan7. (2012湖北卷)22. Finally, my thanks go to my tutor, who has offered a lot of suggestions and comments on my paper and _ every page of my draft.A. approved B. quoted C. polished D. folded8. (2012湖北卷)23. Walking alone in the dark, the boy whistled to