三峡大坝介绍【英文】.ppt

GeographyCaseStudy-ChangJiang,ConsandProsoftheThreeGorgesProject,Introduction,ChinasmassiveThreeGorgeshydroelectricprojecthasgeneratedplentyofcontroversyfromthestart.Itwasfirstproposedin1919byrevolutionaryleaderSunYat-senasawayofprovidingenergytofuelthenationsindustrialdevelopment.Theplanwasrevivedin1954asawaytocontrolthechronicoverflowofthelegendaryYangtzeriveraftertensofthousandswerekilledinwidespreadflooding.Afterseveralfalsestarts,workbeganinearnestin1979.AdvocatessayChinasdevelopmentdependsonit.Theysayitwillprovideacleansourceofenergyforfuturegenerations.Butcriticssayitcouldbeamonumentalecologicaldisaster.ThedamssluicegateswereclosedonJune1,2003,allowingthereservoirbehindittobeginfilling.ByJune10,2003,thewaterwas135metresdeep,anditsexpectedtobe175metresdeepby2009.,Facts,The16-yearprojectisduetobecompletedin2009.Theriverslevelisexpectedtoriseto175metres.Bymid-June2003thedamwasholdingback12billioncubicmetresofwater.Thedamsstoragecapacityisnearly40billioncubicmetres.Itwillcreatea658-sq.-kmreservoir.Itsconcretewallis192metreshigh.Ithasatotalof22sluicegates.Itwillhave26700-megawattturbinegenerators.Theyareexpectedtoproduce18.2millionkilowattsby2009.ElevenofthereactorswereinplaceasofJanuary2005.Ithastheworldslargestlocksystem,6?kilometresinlength.Thelockliftsandlowersshipsinfivestages.ThedamislocatedinYichang,inthecentralprovinceofHubei.ItsChinasbiggestengineeringprojectsincetheGreatWallwasbuiltmorethan2,000yearsago.Totalprojectedcost:180billionyuan($26.5billion).,LocationofSanxia,AmanfishesaswaterflowsthroughwaterdiversionholesoftheThreeGorgesDamontheYangtzeRiverincentralChinasHubeiProvince,June11,2003.Some10waterdiversionholeswereopenedtoreleasewater.ThewaterleveloftheThreeGorgesReservoirreached135metres(433feet)onJune10.(APPhoto/Xinhua,DuHuaju),TwomencarrybrickstoabargeatthetemporarydockatWushan,inthemiddleoftheThreeGorgesontheYangtzeRiverincentralChina,June6,2003.LowerlyingareasofthetownhavebeendemolishedinpreparationfortheincreaseinthewaterlevelasthecontroversialThreeGorgesDamreservoirbeginstofill.(APPhoto/GregBaker),AChinesemansitsintherubbleofthedemolishedoldtownofWushan,ashelooksoutoverthecitystemporarydockontheYangtzeRiverincentralChina,June6,2003.(APPhoto/GregBaker,WorkersbuildastoneembankmentaswaterfromtheYangtzeRiverriseuptheshorelineatthenewlybuilttownofFengjie,incentralChinasChongqingmunicipality,June9,2003.TheoldtownofFengjiewasdemolishedbecauseitwasbelowthehighwatermarkofthereservoiroftheThreeGorgesDam.(APPhoto/GregBaker),ThreeyoungboyswatchasrisingwatersinundateacornfieldatQutangVillage,nearFengjie,incentralChinasChongqingmunicipality,June9,2003.WaterlevelshavebeenrisingbetweentwoandfourmetreseachdaysinceChinabeganfillingthereservoir.DespitewarningsfromlocalofficialsthatwaterswouldriseinJune,manyfarmersplantedcropsbecausetheywereunsureofwherethehighwatermarkwasontheirland,whileothersdidnotbelievethatwaterscouldrisesohigh.(APPhoto/GregBaker),ShipssailthroughtheXilingGorgeoftheThreeGorgesontheYangtzeRiverincentralChina,June11,2003.ThewaterleveloftheThreeGorgesReservoirreached135metres(433feet)June10,fivedaysaheadoftheschedule.(APPhoto/Xinhua,ChengMin),Theaerialphoto,takenonJune3,2003,showstheThreeGorgesReservoironthemiddlereachesoftheYangtzeRiveratYichang,Hubeiprovince.Thewaterlevelreached,asplanned,114.29metreshighonthesluicegate.(APPhotoXinhua,ChengMin),HydroelectricgeneratingsetsoftheThreeGorgesProjectincentralChinasHubeiProvinceareshowninthisApril9,2003photo.Fourofthehydroelectricgeneratingsets,whichareinthefinalphaseofinstallationandtest,willbeputintooperationlaterthisyear.(APPhoto/Xinhua,DuHuaju),WaterflowsthroughwaterdiversionholesatthebottomoftheThreeGorgesdam,June1,2003.ChinasThreeGorgesProjectofficiallybegantostorewaterasthesluicegateofthedamstartedtobeclosedasscheduled.ChinabeganfillingthereservoirbehinditsgargantuanThreeGorgesDaminamajorsteptowardcompletionoftheworld-largesthydroelectricproject.(APPhoto/Xinhua,ChengMin),Amanrushestoboardaboatbeforeitleaves,inChongqingcity,ontheYangtzeRiverincentralChina,June5,2003.Thoughmorethan600kilometres(372miles)fromtheThreeGorgesDam,waterlevelsatChongqingwillriseupto15metreswhenthedamsreservoirisfilledtoitshighestleveloncompletionin2009.(APPhoto/GregBaker),PROS,Floodcontrol,Thereservoirs22km(28.9billioncubicyard)floodstoragecapacitywilllessenthefrequencyofbigdownstreamfloodsfromonceevery10yearstoonceevery100years.Itprotectslifeandproperty.,Navigation,Theinstallationofshiplocksareintendedtoincreaserivershippingfrom10millionto50milliontonsannually,withtransportationcostscutby30to37percent.Cheapandconvenientrivertransportwillbeprovided.Also,shippingwillbecomesafer,sincethegorgeshavelowerflowingspeedofchannel.,Agriculture,Thereservoirstoresupthewaterthatcanbedivertedtoirrigatefarmland.Itincreasescropproductionandexportsofsurplusfarmproduce,e.g.citrusfruits.,EnergyandEnvironment,Thedamwillgenerate18,200megawattsofHydroelectricpower,theequivalentof18nuclearpowerplants.Itwillfacilitateindustrialandeconomicdevelopment.Chinanowreliesoncoalforofitselectricity.Itsairisamongthefoulestintheworldandcontributestoglobalwarming.Hydro-electricpowerisarenewableenergysourcethatdoesnotgeneratewaste.Itimprovesairpollution.,WaterSupply,Damscanstorerainwaterorwaterdirectlyfromtheriveritself.Then,incaseofadrought,thedamwillstillhavearelativelyconstantsupplyofwater.,Resettlement,In1996,floodsdisplacedmorethanonemillionpeoplefromtheirhomes.Besides,180millionpeoplearenowwithoutelectricityinChina.But15millionpeopledownstreamwillbebetteroffduetothecontroloffloodandthesupplyofcheapelectricity.Also,populationdistributiontonewly-openedarea,e.g.highergroundofthedam,willbepresent.,RecreationandTourism,Theprojectprovidesrecreationalactivitiessuchasboatingfishingandswimming,ifthelakeisnotbeingusedfordrinkingwater.Also,cruiseshipswillbeabletosailatalltime.Thus,thedamwillserveasanewtouristspot.,Reputation,TheThreeGorgeswillbethemostpowerfuldameverbuilt.ThisisanimportantpoliticalstatussymbolforChina.,CONS,Resettlement,About1.3millionpeoplewilleventuallyberelocatedfrom1,400villagesinthearea.ByJune2003,720,000people,fromfarmerstofishermen,hadbeendisplaced.Inadditiontothehardshipofresettlement,criticssaypeoplearebeingmovedtofarlessfertileland.,Pollution,Theresettledpeoplehaveleftdozensofdesertedtownsintheirwake.Thebuildingsincludehospitalsandabandonedindustrialsites.Environmentalistssayrefusefromthosesiteswillseepoutandcontaminatethewater.,Ecology/Archeology,Climateexpertssaythehumidityandtemperaturewillincreasearoundthedam,causingunknownimpacttotheecosystem.TheYangtzebasinsupportsfish,wildfowlandplants,someofwhichareendangered.Theareaslatedtobesubmergedisfamousforitsbreathtakingsceneryandishometoarcheologicalsitesincludingburialgroundsandancienttemples.,Efficiency,Criticssayaseriesofsmallerdamswouldhavefulfilledthecountrysenergyneedswithlessimpactontheenvironment.,Corruption,Theprojecthasbeenplaguedbychargesofnepotismandinefficiency.Afteranumberofhigh-profileaccidents,thegovernmentorderedmuchoftheinfrastructurereplacedin1999.,Concernshavesurfacedaboutthedamitself.Therearesomefactstoprove.Firstly,allegationsofcorruptionamongofficialsinvolvedwiththeprojecthaveraisedfearsofshoddyconstruction.TheChinesemediarecentlyreportedseveralincidentsinwhichcorruptionandpoorconstructionhaveledtodisastersatmajorbuildingprojects.NotableamongthereportswasthecollapseofasteelbridgeinthecityofChongqinginJanuary1999thatkilled40people.,SuchincidentsalsohavepromptedrareopencriticismfromtheChineseleadershipregardingtheThreeGorgesDam.Inearly1999ChinesePremierZhuRongjiinspectedthedamsite.Hewarnedthoseinvolvedintheprojectthattheresponsibilityonyourshouldersisheavierthanamountain.Anycarelessnessornegligencewillbringdisastertoourfuturegenerationsandcauseirretrievablelosses.ZhualsosuggestedChinamightinvitetopinternationalengineerstoinspectthedamandmonitoritsconstruction.,ChineseleadershavelongdreamedoftamingtheYangziforpowergenerationandfloodcontrol.Theriversinfamousfloodshavebroughtdestructionanddeathforcenturies-1milliondeathsinthe20thcenturyalone,DaicallsThreeGorgesthemostenvironmentallyandsociallydestructiveprojectintheworld.Shealsocallsforahalttoconstructionandsupportstheideaofaseriesofsmaller,lessdisruptiveconstructionprojectsontributariesoftheYangzi.Moreover,offurtherconcernareclaimsthedammightbecomeanenvironmentaldisaster.Therehavebeenlittletonoattemptsmadetowardremovingaccumulationsoftoxicmaterialsandotherpotentialpollutantsfromindustrialsitesthatwillbeinundated.Expertssaysuchmaterialscouldleachintothereservoir,creatingahealthhazard.Besides,therelativelackofwastetreatmentplantsinChinaalsocouldmeanrun-offfromcommunitiesaroundthedamwouldmostlikelygountreateddirectlyintothereservoirandintotheYangzi.,Byseveringthemightyriverandslowingtheflowofitswater,thedamwillcausepollutionfromindustrialandresidentialsourcestoconcentrateintheriver,ratherthanbeflushedoutatsea,writesChinesejournalistJinHuiinTheRiverDragonHasCome!arecentlypublishedcollectionofcriticismsagainstthedam.Theresultwillbeapoisonedriver.,Electricalpowerderivedfromthedamsturbineswillprovideuptoone-ninthofChinasoutput,thegovernmentestimates,Notonlythese,therearealsoclaimsthatthedamwillactuallycontributetothesiltaccumulationintheYangzi,ratherthanallowlargershipstotraveltheriver.Andothersdisputewhethertheelectricitygeneratedbythedamwillbeefficientlyused.IntermsofanAmericanscale,thisdamissomewhatakintotheelectricalloadbetweenPhiladelphiaandWashingtonD.C.beingservedfromasinglepowerplant.ByrneisskepticalwhetherthehugeamountofelectricityexpectedtobegeneratedbytheThreeGorgesproject-meanttoproducepowerforChongqingandplacesasfarawayasShanghai-canbeefficientlyandeconomicallyabsorbedbyChinaselectricalsystem.,ThesocialelementofThreeGorgeshasgeneratedmorequestionsthananswers.Thedamwilldrownmorethan100townsoncethewaterstartstorisein2003.Governmentestimatessay1.2millionpeoplewillberesettledandthatnewlandisbeingprovidedfor300,000farmers.Someobserverssaythegovernmentmaybeunderestimatingbyasmanyas700,000thenumberofpeoplewhoactuallywillberelocated.,TheThreeGorgesDamprojectwillrequiretheresettlementof1.2millionpeople,accordingtothegovernment,althoughobserverssaythatestimatemaybeshortbyasmanyas700,000people,Theissueofthefarmland,muchofwhichhasbeentilledbythesameChinesefamiliesforcenturiesandwillbelostunderthereservoirswaters,isparticularlyimportant,Byrnesays.Oneofthetragediesofthisproject,ifjustfromaregionalstandpoint,isthatthelandthatisgoingtobefloodedissomeofthemostfertileinChina,saysByrne.Thelandtowherethepopulationistoberelocatedismuchlessfertile.HistoriansalsohavequestionedthedamsimpactonattemptstopreservesomeaspectsofChinaslongandillustrioushistory.Archaeologistsandhistorianshaveestimatednearly1,300importantsiteswilldisappe