语言学复习大纲

语言学复习提纲其中包括书后习题答案和基于每章提出的问题，期末考试卷分两部分：一、10个名词解释二、10个问题。第一章一、解释名词：Design Features: the distinctive features of human language that essentially make human language distinguishable from language of animals.Diachronic: said of the study of development of language and languages over time.Phatic communion: said of talk used to establish atmosphere or maintain social contact.Competence: unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language.Parole: the concrete utterances of a speaker.Function: the role language plays in communication (e.g. to express ideas, attitudes) or in particular social situations (e.g. religious, legal)Prescriptive: to make authoritarian statement about the correctness of a particular use of language.Duality: the structural organization of language into two abstract levels: meaningful units (e.g. words) and meaningless segments (e.g. sounds, letters)Metalanguage: a language used for talking about language.Performance: the language actually used by people in speaking or writing.Synchronic: said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” in time.Descriptive: to make an objective and systematic account of the patterns and use of a language or variety. Displacement: the ability of language to refer to contexts removed from the speakers immediate situation.Macro linguistics: a broad conception of linguistic enquiry, including psychological, cultural, etc.Language: the language system shared a “speech community”.二、课后习题3. Can you think of some words in English which are onomatopoeic? Bang; bark; roar; howl; buzz; bleat; mew; hiss; 4. We cant deny that onomatopoeia needs arbitrariness. Before we feel a word is onomatopoeic, we should first know which sound the word imitates. In Chapter One, in order to imitate the noise of flying mosquitoes, there are many choices like “murmurous” and “murderous”. They both bear more or less resemblance to the genuine natural sound, but “murmurous” is fortunately chosen to mean the noise while “murderous” is chosen to mean something quite different. They are arbitrary as signifiers.5. Yes, it is a case to illustrate non-arbitrariness about word order. When the two parts interchange, the focus and the meaning of the sentence is forced to change, the writers original intention is distorted. That is why systemic-functionalists and American functionalists think language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.6. Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not double-level system. There is only one-to-one relations hip between signs and meaning but the meaning units cant be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacks the secondary level like animals calls.Red stopGreen goYellow get ready to go or stop7. Today I encountered an old friend who was my classmate when I was in elementary school where there was an apple orchard in which we slid to select ripe apples that8.On the whole, body language and facial expression lack most of the distinctive properties of human language such as duality, displacement, creativity and so on. Body language exhibits arbitrariness a little bit. For example, nod means “OK/”YES for us but in Arabian world it is equal to saying “NO”. Some facial expressions have non-arbitrariness because they are instinctive such as the cry and laugh of a new born infant.9. Yes, all human languages are complicated systems of communication. It is decided by their shared design features. 10 A dog signals its wish to be let inside the house by barking and signals the possibility that it might bite momentarily by displaying its fangs. 11. 吃了吗？ 家里都好吧？这是去哪里啊？ 最近都挺好的？If someone is sneezing violently, maybe your parents and grandparents may say:” Are you OK?”, “Do you need to see a doctor?”, “Do you need some water?”, “Do you need a handkerchief?” Do you have a cold?” or something like these to show their concerns. 12. There are many expressions such as to tell you the truth, frankly speaking, as a matter of fact, to be precise, in other words, that is to say.Such expressions are used most frequently when we want to expatiate the meaning of former clauses in another way in argumentation.13. (1) The Latin rule is not universal. In English, me is informal and I is felt to be very formal.(2) Whom is used in formal speech and in writing; who is more acceptable in informal speech.(3) Language does not have to follow logic reasoning. Here two negatives only make a more emphatic negative. This sentence is not acceptable in Standard English not because it is illogical, but because language changes and rejects this usage now.14. They are undoubtedly descriptive. Guidelines are not rules that can determine whether a sentence is right or not. The guidelines advise you to avoid the use of particular words that are grammatically correct but offensive to some certain groups. Actually, they describe the way anti-sexist advocators speak and write.17. There are two meanings to ex. (1) a. The chicken meat is too hot. so it cant be eaten at the moment; b, The chicken feels so hot (maybe after some intense aerobic exercises) that it cant start eating and needs to calm down first.The ambiguity of ex. (2) comes from “flying planes”. It can be understood as “the planes that is flying” or ” to fly planes .”18. ethnic background, socioeconomic status, region of the country, and physical state (such as intoxication醉酒,fatigue, distraction, illness) vary from individual to individual. 20. Arbitrariness and conventionality derive from the choice of the subject matter. For example, in the “The proof of the pudding is in the eating.” The word “pudding” is selected arbitrarily, for we can use another word such as cheese instead of pudding without changing the associative meaning of the proverb. On the other hand, once such links between particular words and associative meaning are fixed, it becomes a matter of conventionality.22. Synchronic: 2.4.5 Diachronic: 1.3三、回答问题：1 What is language? Language is the system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication .2 What is linguistics?Linguistics is the scientific study of language .3. List the design features of languageArbitrariness cultural transmission duality discretenesscreativity interchangeability displacement reflexivity4. List the functions of languageInformative Phatic CommunionInterpersonal Function Recreational Function Performative Metalingual Function Emotive Function5. What are the branches of linguistics? Phonetics Semantics Morphology PragmticsSyntax6. What are the branches of macro linguistics? Psycholinguistics AnthropologicalSociolinguistics Computational Linguistics7. Whats different between descriptive and prescriptive? P19 1.9.1 8. Whats the different between language and parole? Language: the linguistic competence of the speakerParole: actual phenomena or data of linguistics9. Whats the difference between synchronic and diachronic? A synchronic description takes a fixed instant as its point of observation.Diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history10. Whats the difference between competence and performance? P 21 1.9.4第二章一、解释名词Phonetics: the study of hoe speech sounds are produced , transmitted, and perceived. It can be divided into three main areas of study articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics and perceptual/auditory phonetics.Articulatory phonetics: the study of the production of speech sounds, or the study of how speech sounds are produced/made.Phonology: the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.Speech organs: those parts of the human body involved in the production of speech, also known as “vocal organs”.Manner of articulation: ways in which articulation of consonants can be accomplished- (a) The articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period;(b) They narrow the space considerably; or (c) They may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.Place of articulation: the point where an obstruction to the flow of air is made in producing a consonant.Consonant: a major category of sound segments, produced by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cant escape without producing audible friction.Vowel: a major category of sound segments, produced without obstruction of the vocal tract so that air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or the noise. 二、回答问题1. What is difference between phonetics and phonology?Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted and perceived.Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of language.2. What are the three aspects of phonetics? Articulatory acoustic phonetics perceptual or auditory phonetics3. Name three cavities in our vocal tractThe pharynx mouth nose.4. What are the three states of our vocal fords?Apart close together totally closed.5. Whats difference between constants and vowels?The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.第三章一、解释名词Morpheme: It is the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that cant be divided in further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.Compound: it refers to the words that consist of more than one lexical morpheme or the way to join two separate words to produce a single form, such as classroom, mailbox, fingerprint, sunburn.Inflection: it is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and cases to which they are attached.Affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used when added to another morpheme. Affixes in a language are limited in number, and are generally classifies into three subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix and infix, depending on their position around the root or stem of a word.Derivation: it is the most common word-formation process to be found in the production of new English words. It is accomplished by means of a large number of affixes of English language, and shows the relationship between roots and affixes.Root: it refers to the base form of a word that cant be further analyzed without loss of identity. That is to say, it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed.Stem: it is any morpheme or combinations of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.Bound morpheme: it refers to those which cant occur alone and must appear with at least one other morpheme.Free morpheme: it refers to those which may occur alone or which may constitute words by themselves.Grammatical word: It refers to those which mainly work for constructing group, phrase, clause, clause complex, or even text, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns. Grammatical words serve to link together different content parts. So they are known as Function Words.Lexical words: It refers to those which mainly work for referring to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjecti