生物化学-第一节PPT课件

BiochemistryPrehistoryofbiochemistryResearchcontentsofBiochemistryResearchtechniqueofbiochemistryTherelationshipbetweenbiochemistryandrelatedsubjects,Introduction,1,.,Biochemistry,Biochemistry=Chemistryoflive,Biochemistryisthestudyofchemicalprocesseswithinandrelatingtolivingorganisms.,2,.,1.StaticbiochemistryTime：1830stotheEarlyTwentiethCenturyContent：studyofstructuresandpossiblefunctionsoforganisms2.DynamicbiochemistryTime：1930sto1950sContent：regulationofmetabolism3.ModernbiochemistryTime：from1950stothepresentdayContent：thegeneticinformationdeliveryandexpression,Prehistoryofbiochemistry,3,.,4,.,1.Staticbiochemistry,Lipid,sugars,Protein,Nucleicacids,content:discussthechemicalcompositionandthebiomoleculestructureoforganisms.,5,.,2.Dynamicbiochemistry,J.B.Sumner1946Nobel,HermannEmilFischer1902NObel,HansAdolfKrebs1953NobelTCA,1940G.Embden、O.Meyerhof、J.K.ParnasEmbdenMeyerhofParnas（EMP）,6,.,3.Modernbiochemistry,Nucleicacids,Theidentificationin1944ofDNAasthegeneticmaterialbyAvery,MacLeod,andMcCartyiscommonlyconsideredtobetheeventthatmarksthebirthofmolecularbiology.,ThelandmarkideasofWatsonandCrickreliedheavilyontheworkofotherscientists.Whatdidtheduoactuallydiscover?,7,.,3.Modernbiochemistry,1950,PrehistoryModernbiochemistry,1972DNArecombination,1953DNAstructures,1980PCR,2001HumanGenomeproject,8,.,ResearchcontentsofBiochemistry,Biochemistryisthestudyofchemicalprocesseswithinandrelatingtolivingorganisms.,9,.,C,N,O,N,PBiologicalsmallmolecules,suchasaminoacids,nucleotides,sugars,etc.moleculesatomsmoleculesbiopolymersorganellescellstissuesorgansorgansystemsindividualspopulationsthebiosphere,1.Structuresandfunctionsofbiomolecule,Themainelementsofhumancells,10,.,Chemicalelementinvivo,11,.,building-blockmolecule,20kindsaminoacids,U,5kindsbases,2kinds：Glucoseandribose,3kinds：Fattyacids,glycerol,andcholine,12,.,2.Regulationofmetabolism,Nucleicacids,13,.,TCAcycle(Krebscycle),Pyruvateacetyl-CoAproduces1NADH,1CO.,TheTCAcycleproduces,3NADH,1FADH2,2CO2,1GTPperacetyl-CoA=12ATP/acetyl-CoA(2everythingperglucose).TCAcyclereactionsoccurinthemitochondria.,14,.,Galactosemetabolism(picture),UreaCyclePicture,15,.,Fattyacidmetabolism,16,.,3.Thegeneticinformationdeliveryandexpression,Centraldogma,FrancisCrick,Thecentraldogmaofmolecularbiologyisanexplanationoftheflowofgeneticinformationwithinabiologicalsystem.ItwasfirststatedbyFrancisCrickin1958Thecentraldogmaofmolecularbiologydealswiththedetailedresidue-by-residuetransferofsequentialinformation.Itstatesthatsuchinformationcannotbetransferredfromproteintoeitherproteinornucleicacid.,17,.,Extensionofcentraldogma,18,.,Extensionofcentraldogma,TeminandBaltimore(1970)independentlydemonstratedthepresenceofRTinseveralavianandmouseretrovirusesRTisaRNA-dependentDNApolymeraseItisusedinrDNAtechnologytotranscribemRNAintodsDNA,19,.,Researchtechniqueofbiochemistry,Electrophoresis1923,Ultracentrifugation1925,Isotopelabeling1934,Chromatogra