生物专业英语-Microsoft-PowerPoint-演示文稿PPT课件VIP

.,1,EnglishforBiology生物学专业英语,.,2,目的,(一)培养科技文献的阅读能力和初步的科技论文写作能力。(二)掌握基本的专业英语词汇。(三)为专业英语学习提供相关文献资料，进一步扩大阅读范围和提高阅读能力。,.,3,专业英语的特点,专业英语语法特点：体现科技英语的特点-语言精练，逻辑性强，描述客观，其中语言精练是其风格，描述客观是其本质。Becausemostplantsareabletoundergophotosynthesis,theydonotdependonotherorganismsforenergy.,长句多（可使句意表达严谨）；Biologyissuchabroadfield,coveringtheminutechemicalreactionsinsideourcells,tobroadscaleconceptsofecosystemsandglobalclimatechange.,.,4,被动语态使用频繁（描述客观）；,Ithasbeenfoundexperimentallythattheratiooftheamountsofadenine(腺嘌呤）tothymine（胸腺嘧啶）,andtheratioofguanine（鸟嘌呤）tocytosine（胞嘧啶）,arealwaysveryclosetounityfordeoxyribosenucleicacid（DNA）.,名词性词组多；分词使用频繁；介词短语多（可使语言精练）；专业术语多；缩略词多；合成词多；插图，表格，公式，数字所占比例大；,.,5,专业英语词汇特点,专业英语词汇的特点表现在：(1)技术词汇多；(2)二次技术词汇多；(3)特用词多；(4)功能词如：介词，连词，短语，代词多。专业词汇的构词法中以派生词最多，合成词其次，有一定量的转换词。,.,6,如：photosynthesis(光合作用)microtubule(微管)microfilament(微丝)Electrophoresis(电泳)DNA（deoxyribonucleicacid脱氧核糖核酸）CoA（CoenzymeA）UV（Ultra-violet）AIDS(acquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome),.,7,专业词汇前缀：表示摄食的词素：1-vore食.动物,-vorous食.动物的algivore食藻动物carnivore食肉动物herbivore食草动物omnivore杂食动物2-phage吃(食)食.生物(体)-phagous吃(食).的phage噬菌体phagocyte吞噬细胞zoophage食肉动物saprophage腐食者,.,8,表示数量的词素：1.haplo,mono,uni:单,一,独haploid单倍体monoxide一氧化碳monoatomic单原子的2.bi,di,dipl,twi,du:二,双,两,偶biocolor双色,dichromatic双色的,diplobacillus双杆菌dikaryon双核体twin:孪生dual双重的,.,9,3.tri:三,丙triangle三角triacylglycerol三酰甘油tricarboxylicacidcycle三羧酸循环4.quadri,quadru,quart,tetr,tetra:四quadrilateral四边的quadrivalent四价的quadruped四足动物tetracycline四环素,.,10,5.pent,penta,quique五pentose戊糖pentane戊烷quintuple五倍的pentose戊糖pentomer五邻粒6.hex,hexa,sex六hexose已糖hexapod六足动物hexapoda昆虫纲hexamer六聚体7.hepta,sept(i)七heptane庚烷heptose庚糖heptoglobin七珠蛋白,.,11,8.Oct八octpus章鱼octane辛烷octase辛糖9.enne,nona九nonapeptide九肽enneahedron九面体10.deca,deka十:decapod十足目动物decahedron十面体decagram十克11.hecto,百hectometer百米hectoliter百升hectowatt百瓦,.,12,12.kilo,千kilodalton(KD)千道尔顿kilobase千碱基13.deci,十分之一,分decimeter分米decigram十分之一克14.centi,百分之一15.milli,千分之一,毫millimole毫摩(尔)milliliter毫升16.micro,百万分之一,微,微小,微量Microgram微克Microogranism微生物Microecology微生态学Micropipet微量移液器,.,13,17.Nano十亿分之一,毫微,纳nanosecond十亿分之一秒nanometer纳米18.demi,hemi,semi半demibariel半桶hemicerebrum大脑半球semiopaque半透明semi-allel半等位基因19.holo全,整体,完全holoenzyme全酶holoprotein全蛋白holocrine全(质分)泌,.,14,20.mega巨大,兆,百万Megaspore大孢子,Megabasse兆碱基Megakaryocyte巨核细胞Megavolt兆伏Megalopolitan特大城市21.macro大,巨大,多macrophage巨噬细胞macrogamete大配子macroelement常量元素macromolecular大分子,.,15,22.poly,multi,mult多,复合polyacrylate聚丙烯酸酯polymerase聚合酶multichain多链的multinucleate多核的multicistronicmRNAmRNA多顺反子multicopy多拷贝,.,16,后缀：1.-able表示可能的,可以的,uncomfortable不舒的.2.-al表示有.的属性regional局部的3.-ant有些是从动词派生来的,persistant持久的,坚持的(从动词persist来的)4.-ar表示.特征的,.形状的regular规则的,muscular肌肉的,circular环形的,圆的,5.-ary表示与.有关的ordinary平常的,通常的,voluntary自愿的,随意的.6.-ed用于名词加ed,转化为形容词,或动词过去分词作形容词.surrounded围住的,.,17,7.-ent与-ant同类consistent坚定的,different不同的,sufficient足够的,8.-ful由名词构成形容词useful有用的,successful成功的,plentiful丰富的,helpful有帮助的.9.-ible与-able相同.Visible可见的,irreversible不可逆的,inaudible听不见的.10.-ic加在外来词根的名词上,构成形容词specific特异的,magnetic磁性的,aerobic需氧的,pubic耻骨的,oxytocic催产的,催产剂,therapeutic治疗的,dramatic戏剧性的,11,-ish加在颜色的形容词上,表示略带.色reddish带红色的,微红的,yellowish带黄色的,.,18,12,-ive由动词构成形容词relative有关的,相关的congestive充血性13,-less表示没有.的useless无用的,lifeless无生命的,hopeless绝望的,医治不好的,fruitless无效的,无益的.14,-ory表示.性质的,属于.的.sensory感觉的,accessory附属的,附加的,circulatory循环的,urinary泌尿的,尿的.15,-ous表示具有.的,有.特性的.dangerous有危险的,continuous在连续性的,连续的,serious严重的,various各种的,vigorous强有力的,apueous水的,generous大量的,丰盛的,tremendous可怕的,惊人的,pervious能通过的,能穿过的.,.,19,ExampleofFoodchain,.,20,.,21,.,22,生物学专业英语学习内容,(1)掌握构词法（派生，转换，合成），扩大词汇量。(2)阅读英文原始文献资料，扩大知识面，掌握生物学专业英语的语言规律，提高阅读，写作，翻译水平以及实际应用生物学专业英语的能力。(3)巩固英语基础知识，提高应用英语的能力。,生物学专业英语的学习方法,(1).识记专业词汇，扩大阅读范围；(2).巩固英语语法基础，掌握科技英语的语言特点；(3).针对应用文体加强翻译、写作练习。,.,23,如何提高阅读能力？,.克服不良阅读习惯；,指读唇读译读回读,.根据内容的不同，问题可分为主题型、标题型和目的型。,主题型找中心（MainIdea）Skimming；标题型选择标题（Title）全面；忠实原文，不随意推论；核心信息关键词特别是修饰词。目的型写作意图（Purpose）从上下文的联贯及文中有关部分的暗示去明析作者隐含的意思.,.,24,英文科技论文的写作,1、组成标题（Title）：conciseandclear.Short简洁Specific明确Eye-catching醒目Descriptivewords描述性语言Example1不明确“ConcerningSomeApplicationofaTheoremofJ.Doe”具体“AlgebraicSolutionsofLinearPartialDifferentialEquation”ExampleTheGTP-bindingproteinRholpisrequiredforcellcycleprogressionandpolarizationoftheyeastcellExample3采用主副标题主标题SedimentationMotionofSandParticlesinMovingWater副标题TheResistanceonaSmallSphereMovinginNon-uniformFlow,.,25,英文科技论文的写作,作者署名(Signature）作者署名一般应列于标题之下。作者单位（Department）摘要（Abstract）三部分组成：(1）研究目的简要陈述研究目的、内容及需要解决的问题。(2）研究方法简要介绍研究所采用的实验方法和基本步骤。(3）结果简要描述实验主要发现和主要结论及论文的价值。英文稿以1000印刷符号为宜，原则上不超过全文的3。论文摘要应尽量将文中的内容和理解这些内容的主要要素写入。习惯性以“本文”、“本研究”等摘要的开头，是无信息的词语，应去掉。摘要应采用第三人称过去式的写法，不要用第一人称写成“我校”，撰写研究论文的学术价值应实事求是、客观。,.,26,现将国内外期刊上学术论文摘要中常用的句型作一介绍。（1）表示研究目的的行文方法ThispaperpresentsThispaperreportsThispaperdescribesThispaperdiscussesThispaperinvestigatesThispaperdealswithTheobjectivesofthisinvestigationbeto（do）Theaimofthisinvestigationbeto（do）Thepurposeofthepresentstudybeto（do）ThispaperisconcernedwithThispaperisaimedatThispaperislimitedtoTheauthorsreportTheauthors（writers）madeobservationonInvestigationonbecarriedoutinbeevaluatedandanalyzed,.,27,(2）表示研究方法TheexperimentbeperformedusingTheapproachbebasedonThepresentstudywasstartedin时间to（do）beidentifiedaccordingtobedeterminedbybebasedontheuseofwasusedto（do）becollectedfrombegrownduringbeobservedby（using）bestudiedbymeasuringbecharacterizedbyAnalysisofbyrevealedthat,.,28,（3）表示研究结果与结论TheresultsIndicatedthatOurresultsconfirmthatThestudyprovesthatTheresultsdemonstratedthatThestudyrevealsthatTheconclusionisthatTheresultsshowedthatTheresultsbesummarizedasfollowsWeconclude：ThecomparisonconcludesthatTheresultsfromthepresentInvestigationsuggestthatThesefindingsregardingsuggestthatTheseresultssupportthefindingsfound（observed）by,.,29,关键词（Keywords）选取38个词，从论文结论、摘要、标题中提炼抽取出具有实质意义的、表达文章主题内容的词或组合词。能反映论文内容特征的。通用性强的、为同行所熟知的词。,引言（Introduction）ResearchSituation科研现状Whatarethekeyproblemsnow目前的关键问题Howwetackledtheproblems如何解决问题Assesstheeffectivenessoftheresearch评估研究成果,材料与方法（MaterialsandMethods）,Enoughinformationmustbegivensothattheexperimentscouldbereproduced.,Avoidaddingcommentsanddiscussion.,Usuallywithsubheadings.必要时使用小标题,.,30,结果与讨论（ResultsandDiscussion）,Clarityandbrevity:displayofdatawithlogicaldevelopmentshowinghowyourfindingssatisfyyourobjectives简明扼要，合理展示数据，并能证明研究结果与目的一致,Numbershouldbemeaningful.,Useappropriatestatistics,erroranalysis,checkforaccuracyandinternalconsistency.,Payconsiderableattentiontobestwaytopresentdata.,Berigorousaboutconclusions结论需严格客观Suggestsvs.Proves;maybeinsteadofis,.,31,Summarizeevidencesupportingeachconclusion总结实验结果支持结论,Discussproblems,uncertaintiesregardingyourwork讨论该研究存在的问题及不确定性,Compareyourfindingswithotherstudies对比其他人的研究结果Theoreticalorpracticalimplications,importance理论或实际的应用及其重要性,Acknowledgements：,参考文献（References）,Technicalassistance技术支持FinancialAssistance资金支持Helpfuldiscussions有益的讨论Criticalreadingofmanuscript,.,32,英文稿件附信的写法,开门见山，语言精练，词句简明，谦虚有礼。,DearProf.Dr.J.O.Nriagu，Iwishtosubmittheenclosedmanuscript,EffectsofCu2+onrootgrowth,celldivision,andnucleolusofHelianthusannuusL.,forconsiderationandpublicationinyourjournal.Thefinalmanuscripthasbeenseenandapprovedbyallauthorsandauthorshavetakenduecaretoensuretheintegrityofthework.OurmanuscripthasnotbeenpreviouslypublishedelsewhereandisbeingconsideredsolelybytheScienceoftheTotalEnvironmentIfItcouldnotbeaccepted,wouldpleaseyoureturnittomeWithbestregards，YoursSincerely，Library：PRChinae-mail：Tel：,.,33,.,34,.,35,.,36,.,37,.,38,.,39,.,40,.,41,.,42,.,43,.,44,.,45,.,46,.,47,.,48,.,49,.,50,.,51,.,52,.,53,.,54,.,55,.,56,.,57,.,58,.,59,.,60,.,61,.,62,.,63,.,64,cyclic,.,65,.,66,.,67,.,68,.,69,.,70,.,71,.,72,.,73,.,74,.,75,.,76,.,77,.,78,.,79,.,80,.,81,.,82,.,83,.,84,.,85,.,86,.,87,.,88,.,89,.,90,.,91,.,92,.,93,.,94,.,95,.,96,.,97,.,98,.,99,.,100,.,101,.,102,.,103,.,104,.,105,.,106,.,107,.,108,.,109,.,110,.,111,.,112,.,113,.,114,.,115,.,116,.,117,.,118,.,119,.,120,.,121,Lesson9Theoriginofspecies1.ThebiologistsdefineaspeciesModernbiologistsgenerallydefineaspeciesasgroupofactuallyorpotentiallyinterbreedingpopulationsthatisreproductivelyisolatedfromothersuchgroups.Membersofspeciescaninterbreedwitheachother,buttheycannotbreedwithorganismsbelongingtoanotherspecies.Oneadvantageofthestandardofreproductiveisolationisthatitisveryprecise.Notice,however,thatitcanonlybeappliedtoorganismsthatreproducesexually.Asexualreproducers,includingmostprokaryotes,manyplants,andsomeanimals,mustbeclassifiedintospeciesonthebasisofphysical(biochemicalormorphological)traits.,.,122,2.PreventinggeneexchangeTwogeneraltypesofmechanismsoperatetoblocktheexchangeofgenesbetweenindividualsofrelatedgroups.Thefirstgeneraltypeismadeupofprezygoticisolatingmechanisms-mechanismsthatpreventtheformationofzygotes.Prezygoticisolationfallsintotwocategories:ecologicalandbehavioral.Inthefirstcase,tworelatedgroupmaybecomeadaptedtoslightlydifferentenvironments_perhapsvaryingsoiltypesorfoodsources.Overtime,thesegeneticdifferencesbecomesogreatthatsuccessfulcross-fertilizationcannolongertakeplace.Inbehavioralisolation,relatedgroupsevolvedifferingbehaviors-suchasspeciesmatingrituals-thatrestricttheexchangeofgenestomembersofthesamegroup.,.,123,-PreventinggeneexchangeSometimesthedifferencesthatproduceprezygoticisolationinvolvemechanicalisolation.Thatis,matingisphysicallyimpossiblebetweenmembersofdifferentspeciesbecausegenitalsofmalesandfemalesarestructurallyincompatibleorbecausemoleculesonthesurfacesofspermandeggfailtobind.Afinaltypeofprezygoticmechanismistemporalisolation,inwhichtime-relatedenvironmentalcuesthattriggerreproductiveprocessesaredifferentforrelatedspecies.Inpostzygoticisolatingmechanismsmatingoccurs,buttheresultinghybridorganismisinviableorsterile.Inaspecialcaseofhybridsterilitytermedhybridbreakdown,thesecondandsubsequentgenerationsafteracrossshowreducedreproductivesuccess.,.,124,Inpostzygoticisolatingmechanismsmatingoccurs,buttheresultinghybridorganismisinviableorsterile.Inaspecialcaseofhybridsterilitytermedhybridbreakdown,thesecondandsubsequentgenerationsafteracrossshowreducedreproductivesuccess.Contrastthisfacewiththeverydifferentoutcomeofcrossbreedingbetweentwogeneticallydistantmembersofthesamespecies,wheretheresultisoftenheterozygoteadvantage(hybridvigor).Populationsofaspeciesthatarespreadoutoverabroadgeographicalrangeareoftenarrayedinacline-agradualchangeinoneormorecharacteristicsaseachpopulationevolvesadaptationstoitsownlocalenvironment.Alongacline,subspecieswithdistinctcharacteristicsmayarise.Often,individualsateitherendofaclinearereproductivelyisolated.,-Preventinggeneexchange,.,125,Becomingaspecies:howgenepoolsbecomeisolatedErnstmayrsmodelofallopatricspeciationproposesthatspeciescanoriginateinatwostageprocess.Inthefirststage,populationsofexistingspeciesareseparatedbyphysicalorgeographicalbarrier.Asaresult,overtimegeneticdifferencesleadingtopre-orpostzygoticisolationarisebetweenthetwogroups.Inthesecondstage,thedivergedpopulationsmayagaincomeintocontact.Ifthishappens,speciationbecomescompletethroughtheactionofnaturalselection.,.,126,4.Thegeneticbasesofspeciationtheextentofdifferencesbetweenpopulationsthataredivergingintoseparatesspeciesorbetweenspeciesthathavealreadydivergedisrepresentedbyastatisticcalledgeneticidentity-therelativeproportionofthesamestructuralGenespresentinmembersofgroupsbeingcompared.Ingeneral,biologistsbelievethatthegeneticeventsleadingtospeciationtakeplacegradually.Onceanewspecieshasarisen,ittendstodivergegeneticallyfromrelatedspeciesatamorerapidpace.Insomecases,suchasprimateorder,majordifferencesinbodyformarenotreflectedbycorrespondingdivergencesinstructuralgenes.Thishasledbiologiststohypothesizethatsmallchangesinregulatorygenesmayaccountformanyofthelarge-scalechangesresponsibleforspeciesandtheoriginofhighertaxonomicgroups.,.,127,onemechanismsthatmayrapidlysplitpopulationsgeneticallyispolyploidization-thesuddenmultiplicationofanentirecomplementofchromosomes.Thiscanresultinsympatricspeciation,inwhichnewspeciesariseeventhoughnogeographicalisolationhastakenplace.Aphenomenonsimilartopolyploidizationinvolvingtherearrangementofchromosomeshasbeenproposedtoexplaintheevolutionaryoriginofgiantpandas.Clearly,speciescanoriginateinvarietyways.,-Thegeneticbasesofspeciation,.,128,5.Explainingmacroevolution:higher-orderchangesThechangesthatgeneratespeciesaresometimestermedmicroevolution;thosethatproducethemajorphenotypicdifferencesthatseparategenera,classes,orders,andsononaretermedmacroevolution.Somelinesofdescentcanbetracedbystudyingthefossilrecord.Inothercasesrelationshipsmustbeinferredbycomparisonofrelatedlivingorganisms.Whenlinesofdescentoverevolutionarytimeareconstructed,theresultisaphylogeny.Therationaleforbuildingaphylogenyissimple:itassumesthatsimilaritiesinbodystructure,biochemistry,reproductivestrategies,andotherfeaturesoforganismscanbeusedtotracelinesofcommondescent.Theprocessiscomplexbecauseevolutionproceedsindifferentpatterns.Incasesofparallelevolution,twoormorelineagesevolvealongsimilarlines.Inconvergentevolution,verydistantlyrelatedlineagesbecomemorealikeassimilaradaptationstakeholdinresponsetodemandsoftheenvironment.Thussimilarstructuresindifferentorganismsmayreflecthomology(derivationfromacommonancestor)oranalogy(independentoriginofstr