APA与MLA格式区别PPT课件

MLAvs.APA,Whichshouldyouuse?Askeachofyourteacherswhichstyletheywantyoutouse.Iftheyhavenopreference,youcanuseanyorfollowtheseguidelines：APA:psychology,education,andothersocialsciences.MLA:literature,arts,andhumanities.Chicago:usedwithallsubjectsintherealworldbybooks,magazines,newspapers,andothernon-scholarlypublications.,MLA&APA,I.ParentheticalCitationAuthorsNameintheTextMLAStyleAccordingtoJones,“StudentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle,especiallywhenitwastheirfirsttime”(199).Jonesfound“studentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle”(199).Youonlyneedtoindicatepagenumbers,sincetheauthorsnameappearsinthetext.,APAStyleAccordingtoJones(1998),“StudentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle,especiallywhenitwastheirfirsttime”(p.199).Jones(1998)found“studentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle”(p.199).Dateofpublicationisplacedafterauthorsname.,MLA&APA,MLAstyleThispointhasalreadybeenargued(Tannen178-85).Authorsnameandpagenumbersareplacedattheendoftheattributedtext.APAstyleThispointhasalreadybeenargued(Tannen,1994).,如果没有引述具体观点，APA可以省略页码。Authorsnameandpublicationdate(separatedbyacomma)areplacedattheendoftheattributedtext.Omityearfromsubsequentcitationsafterfirstcitationwithinparagraph.,MLA&APA,AuthorsNamesintheTextMLAStyle(2or3authors)Others,likeJakobsonandWaugh(210-15),holdtheoppositepointofview.Amongintentionalspoonerisms,the“punlikemetathesisofdistinctivefeaturesmayservetoweldtogetherwordsetymologicallyunrelatedbutcloseintheirsoundandmeaning”(JakobsonandWaugh304).,如果有三位作者，在括号夹注中应用逗号分隔他们的姓氏，如：(Alton,Davies,andRice56)Accordingtoeducationalpsychologists,raisingchildrenisaresponsibilityoftheentirecommunity(Franklin,Childs,Smith135).,MLAStyle(4ormoreauthors)Thestudywasextendedfortwoyears,andonlyafterresultswerereviewedbyanindependentpaneldidtheresearcherspublishtheirfindings(Blaineetal.35).,APAStyle(2authors)Others,likeJakobsonandWaugh(1978,pp.210-15),holdtheoppositepointofview.Research(Yamada&Matsuura,1982)reportsthepoorperformanceofadvancedEnglishlearnerswhocoulduseEnglisharticlescorrectlyonlyin70percentofthecases.,APAStyle(3to5authors)第一次引用：Accordingtoeducationalpsychologists,raisingchildrenisaresponsibilityoftheentirecommunity(Franklin,Childs,&Smith,1995).以后的引用：Tobesuccessful,“communitiesmustbewillingtotakethisresponsibility”(Franklinetal.,1995,p.135).,APAStyle(6ormoreauthors)PatternsofByzantineintriguehavelongplaguedtheinternalpoliticsofcommunitycollegeadministrationinTexas(Douglasetal.,2003,p.xxx)MLA不使用“&”APA不使用“and”。,MLA&APA,AuthorsNameNotintheTextMLAstyleOthersholdtheoppositepointofview(e.g.,JakobsonandWaugh210-15).MonasteriesinmedievalEuropewerenotshortofspeculationsaboutGreekinventions(Marcuse190-203).,APAstyleOthersholdtheoppositepointofview(Jakobson&Waugh,1978).EmilyBronte“expressedincreasinghostilityfortheworldofhumanrelationships,whethersexualorsocial”(Taylor,1988,p.11).,MLA&APA,CitingTwoorMoreWorksbytheSameAuthororAuthorsMLAStyle引用同一作者的多篇文献时，在括号夹注中应加入文献标题中的关键词组。书名用下划线，文章用引号。ShakespearesKingLearhasbeencalleda“comedyofthegrotesque”(Frye,Anatomy237).,Computersarenotusefultoolsforsmallchildren(Lightenor,“TooSoon”38),thoughhehasacknowledgedthatearlyexposuretocomputergamesdoesleadtobettersmallmotorskilldevelopment(Lightenor,“Hand-EyeDevelopment”17).Thebooktitle(underlined)orjournalarticle(inquotes)isprovided.Ifthereisnoauthor,thenonlythebooktitlejournalarticlewouldappear,forexample,(Anatomy,237).,APAStyle按APA规范，同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区别，如：(Zhang,1997)，(Zhang,1999)，(Zhang,2004)。同一作者的多篇文献，文献按发表次序排列，如：(Zhang,1997,1999,2004)。同年发表的多个文献应对年份另加字母，以示区别，正文后参考文献著录中相应的条目里的年份应加同样的字母，如：(Bloom,2003a,2003b)。ShakespearesKingLearhasbeencalleda“comedyofthegrotesque”(Frye,1982,p.237).,Citingindirectsource论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献（即二级文献secondarysource），但在无法找到直接文献（即一级文献primarysource）的情况下，引文可以从非直接文献中析出。MLASamuelJohnsonadmittedthatEdmundBurkewasan“extraordinaryman”(qtd.inBoswell450).注意：“qtd.in”中的字母“i”不得大写。,APA：Grayson(ascitedinMurzynski&Degelman,1996,p.135)identifiedfourcomponentsofbodylanguagethatwererelatedtojudgmentsofvulnerability.Oneresearcher(Grayson,ascitedinMurzynski&Degelman,1996,p.135)identifiedfourcomponentsofbodylanguagethatwererelatedtojudgmentsofvulnerability.引用非直接文献以后，在正文后参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目（即上述实例中的“Boswell”和“Murzynski&Degelman,1996”）。,MLA&APA,BibliographyEntriesBooksofaSingleAuthorMLAStyleFrye,Northrop.AnatomyofCriticism:FourEssays.Princeton:PrincetonUP,1957.APAStyleFrye,N.(1957).Anatomyofcriticism:Fouressays.Princeton:PrincetonUP.DoublespaceisrequiredfortheAPAformat.,MLA&APA,BooksofMulti-AuthorsMLAStyleBondanella,Peter,andJuliaConawayBondanella,eds.DictionaryofItalianLiterature.Westport:Greenwood,1979.APAStyleBondanella,P.,&Bondanella,J.C.(1979).DictionaryofItalianLiterature.Westport:Greenwood.,SelectionfromaneditedbookMLAStyleGlover,David.“TheStuffThatDreamsAreMadeOf:Masculinity,Femininity,andtheThriller.”Gender,GenreandNarrativePleasure.Ed.DerekLonghurst.London:UnwinHyman,1989.67-83.APAStyleWilson,S.F.(1990).Communitysupportandintegration:Newdirectionsforoutcomeresearch.InS.Rose(Ed.),Casemanagement:Anoverviewandassessment(pp.13-42).WhitePlains,NY:Longman.MLA规范中，书的编者的姓和名均用全称。APA规范里，编者的姓用全称，名用首字母。,MLA&APA,JournalArticlesMLAStyleMonk,Patricia.“FrankensteinsDaughters:TheProblemsoftheFeminineImageinScienceFiction.”Mosaic13.4(1980):15-27.APAStyleMonk,P.(1980).Frankensteinsdaughters:Theproblemsofthefeminineimageinsciencefiction.Mosaic,13.4,15-27.,在MLA规范里，作者的姓名应完整，应标明首名的全称和中间名的首字母。在APA里，作者的首名和中间名均应用首字母。在MLA规范里，期刊名与期刊卷数之间不用逗号。在APA规范里期刊的卷数应用斜体表示。按MLA的规范，标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母均必须大写，而其余每一个词的首字母，除冠词、介词、并列连词以及不定式符号（“to”）以外都必须大写。按APA的规范，标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母必须大写，而其余每一个词的首字母，除专有名词以外，均不需要大写。,MLA&APA,NewspaperArticlesMLAStyleDalin,Damon.“A$7GreetingCard?Yes,ButListenToTheMelodyItWillPlayForYou.”WallStreetJournal10May1983,Easterned.:37.APAStyleDalin,D.(1983,May10).A$7greetingcard?Yes,but