何家弘法律英语-第七课PPT课件

09.06.2020,-,1,LessonSeven,CriminalLaw,09.06.2020,2,Itisbettertofightforjusticethantorailattheill.AlfredsTennyson,Britishwriter与其责骂罪恶，不如伸张正义。英国作家丁尼生A,09.06.2020,3,Background,ModelPenalCodeModelPenalCodewascreatedbyagroupoflawprofessors,judges,andlawyerstoofferacomprehensiverevisionofthecriminallaw.TheModelPenalCodeisnotlawandhasnobindingeffect.Ithas,however,beenthemodelformanystatecriminalcodesandhasbeenveryinfluentialonstateandlocallegislators.http:/www.legal-,09.06.2020,4,刑法的三个主要问题,Crimefelony;misdemeanorPunishmentguidelinesforsentencing(量刑指南)Criminalliability,Capitalpunishment,DEATHPENALTY,09.06.2020,5,09.06.2020,6,09.06.2020,7,Insanitydefense精神不正常辩护,JohnHinckley,RonaldReagan,09.06.2020,8,TEXTHomicide,Notallhomicidesarecriminal.Justifiablehomicide正当杀人Excusablehomicide可宽恕的杀人,09.06.2020,9,Justifiablehomicide,Self-defense正当防卫Policeofficertopreventthecommissionofaforciblefelony警察预防暴力性重罪Topreventadangerousfelonescaping防止危险的重罪犯逃跑,09.06.2020,10,Excusablehomicide,Apersonaccidentallyandwithoutgrossnegligencecausesthedeathofanotherindividual.,没有严重过失,09.06.2020,11,Criminalhomicide有罪杀人,Akillingamountstoacriminalhomicidewhenitdonewithoutlawfuljustificationorexcuse.,恶意杀人谋杀,非恶意杀人非预谋杀人,09.06.2020,12,Theelementsofthecrimesofmurder,Courtsdecisions,Legislatures,by,09.06.2020,13,1.Murder,Killingahumanbeingwith“malice”恶意、预谋杀人,CaliforniaPenalCode,SECTION187-199：Murderistheunlawfulkillingofahumanbeing,orafetus,withmaliceaforethought.,09.06.2020,14,Malice,Expressmalice明示恶意Impliedmalice暗示恶意,09.06.2020,15,Expressmalicevs.Impliedmalice,Firearifleatamovingpassengertrain,09.06.2020,16,Penaltyformurder,Death死刑Prisontermsextendingto“life”终身监禁Prisontoaspecialnumberofyears一定年限的监禁,09.06.2020,17,(a)Felonymurder重罪恶意谋杀,Felonymurder：amurderthatoccurswhiletheaccusedisintheactofcommittinganotherfelony,suchasarmedrobbery.Felonymurdercarriesaheaviersentencethanplainmurder./,09.06.2020,18,Killingduringthecourseofafelonysuchasrobbery.在抢劫这样的重罪过程中杀人Gungoesoffaccidentallykillingtherobberyvictim,orabystander,orapoliceofficer.手枪意外走火，杀死被抢劫的受害者、旁观者或警察Adangerouscrimeasrobberysatisfiestherequirementofmalice抢劫这样的危险犯罪构成恶意的条件,09.06.2020,19,Co-felonsguiltyofmurder重罪共犯谋杀,Inthecourseofanexchangeofshotsbetweenrobbersandthepolice,apoliceofficerisaccidentallykilledbyanotherofficer.在抢劫者与警察的交火过程中，一个警察意外地被另一个警察打死。,09.06.2020,20,Malice,Malicemayalsobeattributedtoarobberwhosepartnerinthecrimeintentionallykillssomeoneduringthecommissionofthecrimeortheattemptedescape.在抢劫犯罪或试图逃跑的过程中，一个强盗的同伙故意杀死人，那么该强盗也属于有恶意。,09.06.2020,21,每个参与者都有恶意,Thedangerousnessoftherobberyitself,Actasanagentfortheothersinaccomplishingtheirobjective,09.06.2020,22,Deathpenalty死刑,在一些废除了死刑的州，考虑到只要有杀人的结果，对抢劫的处罚就应该重得多，因此，立法机关规定，对杀人抢劫的处罚比无致命抢劫的处罚多15年以上。,09.06.2020,23,(b)Degreesofmurder恶意杀人罪的等级,Varyingpenaltiesformurder,punishablebydeathorlongimprisonment,punishablewithalesserpenalty,09.06.2020,24,Firstdegreemurder,A“willful,deliberateandpremeditated”killing,suchasapoisoningorakillingduringthecommissionofadangerousfelony有意的、故意的、有预谋的杀人，比如投毒，或者在危险的重罪发生过程中杀人。,09.06.2020,25,Commonlaw,09.06.2020,26,2.Manslaughter,Unlawfulkillingofanotherwithoutmalice.无恶意的非法杀人,Prisonterm:1-14years,09.06.2020,27,(a)Voluntarymanslaughter自愿性非恶意杀人，故意杀人,Anintentionalkillingupon“greatprovocation”andintheheatof“passion”,巨大挑衅激情之下故意杀人,09.06.2020,28,Voluntarymanslaughter,thepersonkilledanotherperson;thepersonactedintheheatofpassion;andheatofpassionwascausedbyadequateprovocation.,09.06.2020,29,Heatofpassionmaybeprovokedbyfear,rage,angerorterror.Provocation,inordertobeadequate,mustbesuchasmightnaturallycauseareasonablepersoninthepassionofthemomenttoloseself-controlandactonimpulseandwithoutreflection.,09.06.2020,30,Aclassicexample,Akillingofparamourorofthespouse,orboth,manslaughter,TheprovocationwasgreatInthe“heatofpassion”,09.06.2020,31,Betreatedlessharshlythanmurder,Frailtiesofthehumannature人类的脆弱性Instinctivereaction本能的反应Bediscouragedbycriminalsanction通过刑事处分加以阻拦,09.06.2020,32,Insuchparamourkillingcasestheconvictionrateisquitelow.在杀死情敌的案例中，定罪率很低Concoctedexplanationofself-defense编造的有关自卫的解释Acquittalbyreasonof“theunwrittenlaw”根据“不成文法”作出的无罪判决,09.06.2020,33,Inapplyingtestwhetheranintentionalkillingwasupongreatprovocationandintheheatofpassion,thequestionisputtothejury,ortothejudgeinnon-jurycases,astowhethertheaccusedreactedasa“reasonableman”.对故意杀人是否由于受到极大的刺激和处于激情之下的判断，是由陪审团作出的，在没有陪审团的案件中，由法官作出判断。由他们决定被告是否是一个“理智的人”。,09.06.2020,34,(b)Involuntarymanslaughter非自愿性非恶意杀人，过失杀人,Unintentionalkilling无意的杀人resultingfromgrossnegligence,重大过失orasaresultofdangerousunlawfulconduct非法的危险行为,09.06.2020,35,VEHICULARMANSLAUGHTER,manslaughter,09.06.2020,36,Negligenthomicide过失杀人罪,Recklesshomicide疏忽大意杀人罪,Forapplicationtokillingsbymotoristswhoweredrivinginarecklessorgrosslynegligentmanner,Anumberofstateshavecreatedcrimesas,09.06.2020,37,becauseofthedifficultyencounteredinconvictingmotoristsforthemorerevoltinglylabeledoffenseofmanslaughter之所以制定这种特殊的有关杀人法律，是因为难以将撞死人的有罪司机划归比较令人讨厌的一般杀人犯罪。,Thisspecialkindofhomicidelegislationwasenacted,Aminimumpenaltyofoneyearinpenitentiary,09.06.2020,38,Advisable(明智的),Tocategorizesuchconductwithlessrevoltinglabelofrecklessornegligenthomicideandalsotopermittheimpositionoflesserpenaltiesthanoneprescribedformanslaughter.将这种行为划归不那么令人讨厌的疏忽大意杀人罪或过失杀人罪，对其施加比一般杀人罪更轻的处罚。,09.06.2020,39,Thepermissiblerangeofpenaltiesinrecklesshomicideornegligenthomicidestatutesisgenerallyafineupto$1000,罚款1000美元orincarcerationotherthaninapenitentiaryforanyperioduptooneyear,禁闭，而不是监狱，时间最多1年orimprisonmentinapenitentiaryuptofiveyears.关押在监狱，刑期最长5年,09.06.2020,40,Theflexibilityofpenaltiesintrafficdeathcaseshastheeffectofencouragingpleasofguiltyfromoffenders,anditresultsinconvictionsthatmightnotbesecuredifajudgeorjuryhadnochoiceotherthanapenitentiarysentenceoranacquittal.对交通事故致死案处罚的灵活性会鼓励罪犯认罪，并导致那些如果法官或陪审团除监禁判决或无罪释放外别无选择时，便可能无法得出有罪判决。,09.06.2020,41,3.FederalHomicideLaw,Nogeneralfederalhomicidelaw联邦没有涉及杀人的法律ExceptionKillingwithinafederalterritory,infederalbuildingsoruponfederalproperty,orkillingoffederalofficialsorofficers.,09.06.2020,42,银行抢劫犯杀死联邦调查局人员,在邮局杀人,09.06.2020,43,4.ModernMurder-manslaughterlegislation,IllinoisCriminalCode避免使用“恶意”和“冷酷而邪恶的心”这样的概念，而是使用了更精确、更好理解的术语。,09.06.2020,44,Murder:,Apersonwhokillsanotherindividualwithoutlawfulexcusecommitsmurder(a)ifheintendedtokillhimordogreatbodilyharm故意杀死他人，或造成严重身体伤害；,09.06.2020,45,(b)if,withoutintendingtokill,itclearlyappearsthathemusthaveknownthathisconductprobablywouldcausedeath不是故意杀人，但显然他能够预见他的行为会导致死亡；,09.06.2020,46,(c)ifdeathresultedfromthecommissionofaveryseriouscrimelikerobbery,burglaryorrape.实施严重的犯罪而导致他人死亡，如抢劫、入室抢劫和绑架。,09.06.2020,47,5.CapitalPunishment,MuchcontroversyWhethercapitalpunishmentservesitsintendedpurposeadeterrenttomurder.死刑是否能实现其预期的目的威慑杀人案件的发生,Ratheracademic,09.06.2020,48,Therapiddeclineinexecutions,1966年执行1例死刑1967年执行2例死刑1968年执行0例死刑判决的死刑有400多例,Execution,Sentenceofdeath,09.06.2020,49,Anincreasingunwillingnesstoexecutemurdererswhohavebeensentencedtodeath越来越不愿意对被判死刑的人执行死刑Alegalconceptregardingjuryselectionincapitalcasesthatwillmakejuryimpositionofthedeathpenaltymuchmoredifficulttoobtain在死刑案件中对陪审员的挑选，使得死刑判决越来越难以作出。,09.06.2020,50,TheSupremeCourtheld:,即任陪审员不得仅仅因为其反对死刑的良心顾忌而被要求退出陪审团。ProspectivejurorsConscientiousscruplesDeathpenalty,09.06.2020,51,TheCourtsaidthat,Todoso,constitutesadeprivationofdueprocess,becausethedefendantwouldnotthenbeaccordedatrialbya“fairandimpartialjury”.这样做构成了对正当程序的剥夺，因为对被告的审判将不是由“公正、公平的陪审团”做出的。,09.06.2020,52,当即任陪审员陈述，他在担任陪审员的特定案件中不会考虑放弃反对死刑的良心顾忌时，是个唯一的例外，这时可以要求该即任陪审员退出陪审团。,09.06.2020,53,Assignment,Whataretheimportantlegalwordsandtermsinthislesson?CopythemandgivetheirChineseinterpretation.,09.06.2020,54,专业词汇,CriminalLawModelPenalCodeCrimePunishmentCriminalliabilityCapi