高英ppt.广岛核爆.pptx

,HiroshimaNuclearExplosion,Background,Process,Result,g,Contents,Debateoverbombings,Causes,Background,WhatisaNuclearweapon?,Anuclearweaponisanexplosivedevicethatderivesitsdestructiveforcefromnuclearreactions,eitherfissionoracombinationoffission(裂变）andfusion（聚变）.Bothreactionsreleasevastquantitiesofenergyfromrelativelysmallamoutsofmatter.,Einstein:TheTheoryofRelatively(E=mc),16July1945LosAlamosNewMexico,3yearsresearch2000000000dollars,67000000sticksofdynamite(炸药）,NuclearWeapon,On26thJuly1945,Inthesummerof1945,Causes,NaziGermanysurrendedJapanesedefendedtodeath,Japansdefeatwasdecided,butJapansfuriousresistanceinOkinawa(冲绳）andotherplacesledtoalargenumberofAlliedofficersandsoldiers.,afull-scaleinvasion,theAllies:1000000casualtiestheJapanese:1000000casualties,Atthesametime,theJapaneseheldtheSpecialWarDirectionCounciltodecidewhatcoursetofollownext.PriministerSuzukiandForiegnMinisterTogowereconsideringanegociatedsettlement,butArmyministerGeneralAnamiwasdeterminedtofighton.1.Sovietmediation2.All-outfinalbattle3.TheSamuraispirit(武士精神）,entirenationinarms(全民皆兵）,TheprocessThen,whentheAmericanPresident,HarryTrumanhadjustarrivedinBerlinon16thJulyforthePotsdamConferencewherehewasmeetinghisfellowAlliedleaders,theJapansdestinywasdoomed.TrumanwouldusethenuclearweapontosparethesoldiersfrominvadingtheJapaneseHomeIslands.Butbeforegoingaheadwiththenewbomb,TrumangavetheJapaneseonelastchancetosurrenderbysofteningthesurrendertermsfromthetotalunconditionalsurrendertotheunconditionalsurrender.,thePotsdamConference,EdwardHeathHarryTrumanStalin,Soon,Theultimatum(最后通牒）(afinaldemand)wasbroadcasttoJapaneseon26thJuly.Butironically,thisseemedtohavebackfired.ThePrimeMinisterSuzukiannouncedthathisgovernmentwouldignorethePotsdamDecleration.(波茨坦公告)Heusedtheword,nokusatru,meaning,tokillwithsilentcomtempt(无声的蔑视).,Fromthismoment,thedroppingofthebombonHiroshimawasinevitable.,TheJapanesegovernmentrefusedtoacceptthePotsdamDecleration.Inordertoprotectthelivesofalliedofficersandsoldiers,forcingJapantosurrenderassoonaspossibleandsuppressingtheSovietUnion,U.S.PresidentTrumanandseniormilitarypersonneldecidedtothrowatomicbombsinJapantospeedupthewarprocess.,ResultFinally,theatomicweaponnamedLittleBoybombedonHiroshimaonAugust6,1945.,WhytheAmericanschoseHiroshimaastheirtarget?,1.Aproperplacefordroppingabomb2.Animportantcityformilitarybaseandindustries(TheHeadquartersoftheSecondGeneralArmy)3.Amajorcityleftthathasnotbeenroasted/firebombed.(Tomeasurethepreciseeffectsoftheatomicbomb),TINIAN,Whenthebombexploded,temperaturesdirectlybelowthefireballwere4000degreeCelsius.Theheatraysleftshadows.Anyoneintheopenairwereeithervaporised（气化）,orturnedtocarbon,inaninstant.Atthesametime,theflashsentoutpowerfulinfrared(红外线）radiationandgammarays.（伽马射线）Thesecouldpenetratewallsandattackthecellsinhumanbody.Intheend,therearenoexactfiguresforthenumberwhodiedintheinstantoftheexplosion,buttensofthousandsofpeopleintheopenairnearthefirebombvanishedinafractionofasecond.,ALIVINGHELL!,Then,camesomethingthatwouldforeverchangetheperceptionofthebomb.,Deformity(畸形）Necrosis（坏死）Alopecia（脱发）,TheendofthewarInAugust15,1945,theemperorofJapanannouncedthesurrenderoftheimperialedict（圣旨）tosurrender.OnSeptember2,1945,onthedeckofthebattleshipMissouriintheTokyoBay,JapaneseForeignMinisterandChiefofStaffsignedthesurrenderdocuments.,Debateoverbombings,ThedebateovertheatomicbombingsofHiroshimaandNagasakiconcernstheethical,legal,andmilitarycontroversies.Somedebatersfocusonthepresidentialdecision-makingprocess,andothersonwhetherornotthebombingsweretheproximatecauseofJapanesesurrender.,TodayHirashimaisathrivingcityofoveramillionpeople.Japan,too,hasbeentransformedintoaprosperouscountry.Althoughnoonehasusedanuclearweaponsince,argumentscontinueastothemoralityofdroppingthebomb.Wasitisreallynecessary?Couldithavebeenavoided?,miseryvictory,Support,1.WouldpreventmanyU.S.militarycasualties2.Speedyendofwarsavedlives3.Partoftotalwar4.Japansleadersrefusedtosurrender5.Other,“Therearevoiceswhichassertthatthebombshouldneverhavebeenusedatall.Icannotassociatemyselfwithsuchideas.IamsurprisedthatveryworthypeoplebutpeoplewhoinmostcaseshadnointentionofproceedingtotheJapanesefrontthemselvesshouldadoptthepositionthatratherthanthrowthisbomb,weshouldhavesacrificedamillionAmericanandaquarterofamillionBritishlives.”WinstonChurchill,leaderoftheOpposition,inaspeechtotheBritishHouseofCommons,August1945,In1959,MitsuoFuchida,thepilotwholedthefirstwaveinthesurpriseattackonPearlHarbor,metwithGeneralPaulTibbets,whopilotedtheEnolaGaythatdroppedtheatomicbombonHiroshima,andtoldhimthat:Youdidtherightthing.YouknowtheJapaneseattitudeatthattime,howfanatictheywere,theyddiefortheEmperor.Everyman,woman,andchildwouldhaveresistedthatinvasionwithsticksandstonesifnecessary.CanyouimaginewhataslaughteritwouldbetoinvadeJapan?Itwouldhavebeenterrible.TheJapanesepeopleknowmoreaboutthatthantheAmericanpublicwilleverknow.,Opposition,1.Militarilyunnecessary2.Bombingsaswarcrimes3.Stateterrorism4.Fundamentallyimmoral,TheJapanesehad,infact,alreadysuedforpeace.Theatomicbombplayednodecisivepart,fromapurelymilitarypointofview,inthedefeatofJapan.FleetAdmiralChesterW.Nimitz