英语议论文写作理论.ppt

ArgumentativeWriting,Definition,Anargumentativeessayisattempttochangethereadersmind,toconvincethereadertoagreewiththepointofvieworopinionofthewriter,Therefore,itissupposedtobehighlypersuasiveandlogical.,Thecourse(过程)ofargumentativewriting,Generallyspeaking,argumentativewritingistheactofformingresons,makinginductions,drawingconclusionsandapplyingthemtothepointthatisunderdicussion.,Paragraphstruture,Writinginargumentativestylerequires:1.Introduction2.Body3.Conclusion,Introduction,Theintroductorypartofanargumentativeessaycontainsabriefdescriptionofthetopic,includingdifferentopinionsaboutit,andaclearstatementofthewritersstand(thesisstatement).Itsetsoutthetoneoftheessay,asanideacanbearguedmildlyorforcefully.,Whenanessayiswrittentorefute（驳斥）anotherpersonsidea,theintroductionoftengivesabriefaccountofthatideaasatargettoattack.Sometimesthetopicisnotanopinionorideabutasocialphenomenonorcommompractice;inthiscase,theintroductionwouldbeginbyexplainingtheauthorsownopinionwithoutfirstreferringtohis/hertarget.,Thesis,Thesisisthemostimportantsentenceinapaper.Todevelopanargumentativethesis,theauthorhastotakeastandofanissue.Frequently,itproposesacourseofaction(oftenexpressed,bytheway,withthemodal(should).(Becareful,astatementhavingshouldaspartoftheverbisnotautomaticallyargumentative.P62),Athesisstatementisgenerallylocatedintheintroductionofthepaperandmaysomtimesbelocatedwithinthebodyofthepaperorintheconclusion,dependingonthepurposeofthepaper.,Whencomposinganarguablethesis,youmust:,Letthereaderkonwthemainideaofpaper.Answerthequestion:WhatamItryingtoprove?Rememberathesisstatementisnotafactualstatement,butaclaimthathastobeproventhroughoutthepaper.Helpguideyourreaderthroughyourargument.,Indispensablepreparationworks:,1.PlanningInthisprocedure,weshouldaskourselvesseveralquestions:Whatismyanswertothetopicquestion?Theyesornorepresentsyouropinion,whichmayhelpyouformourthesisstatement.,Tosupportyourthesistatement,askyourself:WhydoIbelievethis?Whatarethemainreasons?Whathasbeenwrittenaboutthistopic?Youranswerswillprovidematerialsforthebodyofyouressay.,2.OrganizationYouressaymustclearlyexplainthepositionyouwilltakeonyourchosentopic.Youmustprovidereasonsthatelaboateyourideasandgivestrongsupport(支撑，依据)toyourargument.Thereforeyouressayrequiresthefollowing:,AthesisstatementMainreasonsforyouropinionCredibleandpersuasivesupportforyourposition.Astrongconclusionwhichshouldre-emphasizethemainpointsmadeinyourpaper.Avoidraisingnewclaimsinyourconclusion.,Body,Thispartoftheargumentativeessayisbuiltuponthedebatablethesisstatementmadeintheintroductoryparagraphandprovidessupportforit.Younowkonwthatthedebatablestatementsarenotstatementsoffactsbutoneswithwhichothermayormaynotagree.,DeductionandInduction(演绎和归纳),Therearetwomethodsoflogicalreasoningwhichareusedtoconvinceyourreadersofthevaluedeductionandinduction.Deductivereasoningmovesfromthegeneraltothespecific.Inductivereasoningmovesfromthespecifictothegeneral.,Topicsentences,Themostimportantpartofthedevelopmentofthebodyisthatdetailsmustsupportthethesisoftheessay.Cleartopicsentencesforeachparagragharehelpfulinorganzingtheessaycoherently.,Letslookattheexample:Mainidea:Marijuana(大麻)shouldbelegalized.Topicsentence1:Itislessharmfultopeopleshealththanalcohol.Topicsentence2:Averylargepercentageofthepopulationusesit.,Transitionalwords,Bothsupportingstatementsprovideinformationthathelpsproveorsupportthemainideainthethesisstatement.Transitionalwordscanbeusedtolinkthesestatementstogethertomakethereasoningstrongandclear.,Letslookattheexampleagain:Mainidea:Marijuanashouldbelegalized.Topicsentence1:Itislessharmfultopeopleshealththanalcohol.Topicsentence2:Inaddition,averylargepercentageofthepopulationusesit.,Somefrequently-usedtransitionalwords:,1.accordingly2.additionally3.also4.besides5.alternatively6.furthermore7.however8.inaddition9.moreover10.nevertheless,11.onthecontrary12.so13.therefore14.thus15.whatsmore16.yet17.despite18.inspiteof19.otherwise20.insteadof,Argumentativemethod,Apartfromthevariousmethods(comparison/contrast,cause/effect,definition,classification,etc.)ofparagraphdevelopmentthatwehavelearnedinthepreviousunits,argumentativemethodisparticularlyusefulforthepurposeofpersuation.Thefollowingtwoprocessesareveryuseful:,Thefirstprocessistosetupourtargetatthebeginningoftheparagraph,andthenwerefutethatideawithevidencetoshowwhyitiswrongorweak.Atlastwewriteaconclusiontosummarizeourownideaortoputforwardourownproposal.,Thesecondprocessistobegintheparagraphbystatingourideawiththesupportofevidence;laterwementionthearguementanopponentmighthaveagainstus.Then,weattackitwithgoodevidence.,Thedifferencebetweenthetwomethodsisthatinthefirstprocessthetargetprovidesacentralissueandourparagraphconcentratesonit;whereasinthesecondprocess,ouropponentsideaplaysaminorfunction,justgivingusachancetoprovidefurtherevidencetosupportourownargument.,Toattackouropponentsargument,wecanadoptoneofthefollowingmethods:,Demonstrtethatouropponentsargumentiscompeletlywrong.Showthatouropponentsargumentisweak(becauseitisbasedoninsufficient,outdated,misinterpretedorbiasedinformation).Agreethatouropponentsarguementisvalidbutshowourpointsaremorecompelling(有说服力的).,Youmayusethesewordsorphraseswhenyoumakeconclusion:,1.aboveall2.allinall3.mostimportantly4.worstofall5.asaresult6.briefly7.consequently8.eventually,9.finally10.generally11.inconclusion12.ingeneral13.insummary14.toendwith15.tosumup16.inbrief,Conclusion,Conclusioncontainsthelastwordsthatawriterwillpresenttotheaudience.Therefore,itshouldemphasizethemainpointandshouldhaveastrongimpact.Theaimistoconvincethereaderthattheessayhasallthemostimportantargumentsabouttheissueandthatyourmainideaisthebestpisitionontheissue.Youshouldntpresentanynewargumentsinyourconclusion.,Usefulexpessionsontimesequece:,1.first/second/third/fourth2.firstofall3.firstly/secondly/thirdly/fourthly4.foronething/hefirst/se