翻译技巧+(博士生).ppt

2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,1,TranslationSkills,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,2,翻译的“三步曲”,1分析结构；2确定词义；3检查核对。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,3,英汉语言对比,英语句子结构复杂，多长句；汉语多短句。例：Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsofkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotakeplace.(38words),2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,4,皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,5,Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorians,whoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.(30words),2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,6,它同样适用于传统历史学家和社会科学历史学家，前者将历史仅仅看作是对历史材料来源的内部和外部的批评，后者把历史研究活动等同于具体的研究方法。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,7,Rocketresearchhasconfirmedastrangefactwhichhadalreadybeensuspectedthereisa“hightemperaturebelt”intheatmosphere,withitscenterroughlythirtymilesabovetheground.(30words),2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,8,A：用火箭进行研究已证实了人们早就有过怀疑的大气层的一个中心在距地面30英里高空的“高温带”的这种奇怪的事实。B：人们早就怀疑，大气层中有一个“高温带”，其中心在距地面30英里的高空。利用火箭进行研究后，这一奇异的事实已得到证实。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,9,Captureddocumentswhichwehaveobtainedfromindividualswhohadbeeninfiltratedthroughthiscorridorplusprison-of-warreportsthatwehaveobtainedinrecentmonthsledustobelievethatthevolumeofinfiltrationhasexpandedsubstantially.(37words),2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,10,我们经由这个走廊渗透进来的人身上缴获的文件，加上近几个月从战俘那里得到的口供，使我们相信渗透的规模确实扩大了很多。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,11,英语多用被动，汉语多用主动。,英语使用被动的情况有：不知道行为者是谁或不必要说明行为者是谁。Thebookhasalreadybeentranslatedintomanylanguages.对行为对象比对行为者更感兴趣。TheworkmustbefinishedbeforeChristmas.为了某种缘故不愿说明行为者是谁。Itisgenerallyconsiderednotadvisabletoactthatway.为了连贯上下文及安排上的需要。Theyaregoingtobuildanapartmenthouseherenextyear.Itisgoingtobebuiltbesidetheofficebuilding.,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,12,例：IntheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrializationwithallthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowedwasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelopingnationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.(43words),2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,13,在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革持续了大约一个世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,14,Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbynomeansbecomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetoberequiredbyasortofspecialtraining.(35words),2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,15,许多人认为：普通人的思维活动根本无法和科学家的思维过程相比较，他们认为这些科学家的思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,16,汉语代词（人称代词和物主代词）的使用远比英语为少。英语使用代词的地方很多。每个句子，分句都需要一个主语，而这个主语常常是代词。另外，所属关系也要明确指出来，因而物主代词用得很多。如：,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,17,Aswediscussourdifferences,neitherofuswillcompromiseourprinciples.Butwhilewecannotclosethegulfbetweenus,wecantrytobridgeitsothatwemaybeabletotalkacrossit.,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,18,直译：在我们讨论我们的分歧的时候，我们哪一方都不会在我们的原则上妥协。但是，虽然我们不能弥合我们之间的鸿沟，我们却能够设法搭一座桥，以便我们能越过它进行会谈。改译：在讨论我们的分歧时，哪一方都不会在原则上妥协。但是，虽然不能弥合我们之间的鸿沟，我们却能够设法搭一座桥，以便能越过它进行会谈。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,19,Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomous(self-governing)manoftraditionaltheory,andtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.(34words),2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,20,它们（他们）是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其成就给予肯定的必不可少的前提。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,21,4英语多变化，汉语多重复。,英语写作时要尽量避免重复，而汉语则不怕重复，如果使用得当，重复可以起反复强调的作用。IfirstheardthistaleinIndia,whereitistoldasiftruethoughanynaturalistwouldknowitcouldntbe.LatersomeonetoldmethatthestoryappearedinamagazineshortlybeforetheFirstWorldWar.,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,22,我头一回听到这个故事是在印度，那儿的人今天讲起来仍好像是确有其事似的尽管任何一位博物学家都知道这不可能是真的。后来有人告诉我，在第一次世界大战之前不久，有一本杂志曾刊登过这篇故事。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,23,5英语较抽象，汉语较具体。,译文中不能有似是而非的东西Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementary-particlephysics,andmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue.(36words),2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,24,宇宙膨胀虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认理论在科学上看似可信的推论，七八年来许多天体物理学家一直认为这一学说是正确的。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,25,6英语句子的独特的表意方式和语序。,Thereisnoraceofmenanywhereonearthsobackwardthatithasnolanguage,nosetofspeechsoundsbywhichthepeoplecommunicatewithoneanother.,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,26,在世界上的任何种族，不论其多么落后，都有自己的语言，都有人们用以交流的语言体系。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,27,Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,28,他们（新学派科学家们）说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,29,7英语词汇的一次多义现象。,“Inshort”,aleaderofthenewschoolcontends,“thescientificrevolution,aswecallit,waslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.”(学校？学派？),2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,30,Itleadsthediscussionstoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumans,orwithnoconsiderationatall.(邀请？促使？延伸？像一样？),2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,31,英汉翻译技巧,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,32,改变词类（Conversion）,英语一个词能充当的句子成分较少，充当不同成分时常常要改变词类。最常见的是将英语的名词或形容词转换成汉语的动词。Insulinisusedinthetreatmentofdiabetes.胰岛素用于治疗糖尿病。Thisissueisofparamountimportance.这个问题极其重要。Formalityhasalwayscharacterizedtheirrelationship.他们之间的关系有一个特点，就是相敬如宾。Asthewarprogressed,hewouldsymbolizetheirfrustrations,theembodimentofallevils.随着战争的进行，他成了受挫的象征，成了万恶的化身。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,33,Itleadsthediscussionstoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumans,orwithnoconsiderationatall.(34words)这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为该这样对待动物：要么像对待人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandfrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.(27words)人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,34,Theemphasisondategatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,35,2选词用字（Diction）,Putateaspoonfulofteainthepotandthenyoujustaddtheboilingwatertoitandletitstand.(让它站在哪儿？)Itsacrimeyoudidntfinishschool.(犯罪？)Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.当它们冒犯时让它们残废？,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,36,3语序调整(Inversion),一个句子中词和分句的顺序，英汉两种语言往往不同。如表示时间和地点，英语常常是先小后大，而汉语是先大后小。Hisaddressis3612MarketStreet,Philadelphia,PA19001,USA.Donthesitatetocomewhenyouneedhelp.BlackandwhiteTV,IronandSteelCompany,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,37,Heremainsoneofthegreatesthistorians,despitehisapparentprejudiceandhisuntrustworthinessindetail,becauseofhisartisticmasteryofhistorictheme.尽管他在历史细节描写上有明显的偏见和不值得信任之处，但由于其对历史题材艺术般的运用，他仍不失为最伟大的历史学家之一。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,38,句子结构的整体调整,Thatourenvironmenthaslittle,ifanything,todowithourabilities,characteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheory.这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能，性格特征和行为，即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,39,Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespect,extremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.(28words)这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各方面都不相同，对待动物无需考虑道德问题。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,40,4省略（Omission）,Youcannotbuildaship,abridgeorahouseifyoudontknowhowtomakeadesignorhowtoreadit.不会制图或看不懂图纸，就不可能造船，架桥或盖房子。Ittookhimalongtimetoreachthebottomandtocouchbehindalittledwarfpalm.他费了很长时间才从山上爬下来，蹲到一棵矮小的棕榈树后面。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,41,Galileosgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvearoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.伽利略的最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转，而不是围绕地球。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,42,5增词（Amplification）,英语中没有量词，助词，翻译时赢根据上下文的需要予以增加。有些英语的不及物动词必须增加宾语意思才完整。NoSmoking!IcouldknitwhenIwanseven.Withoutasenseofyourfault,howcanrepentanceandamendmentbeexpected?如果对自己的错误都不认识，怎么能悔恨和改正呢？,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,43,Itshould,however,beborneinmindthatthisprocessitselfmightinvolveachainofdifficulties,inthiscaseofapoliticalnature.但是应该记住，这个过程本身也许会带来一系列的困难，在此情况下，这些困难是政治性的。（短语句子）,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,44,6重复（Repetition）,Practicallyeveryriverhasanupper,amiddleandalowerpart.上游，中游，下游Ifanatomcontainsthreeprotons,itmusthavethreeelectronstobeelectricallyneutral.如果一个原子含有三个质子，这个原子必然有三个电子，使之不带电荷。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,45,Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbynomeansbecomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetoberequiredbyasortofspecialtraining.(35words)许多人认为：普通人的思维活动根本无法和科学家的思维过程相比较，他们并且认为这些科学家的思维过程必须经过某种转么训练才能掌握。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,46,7反译法（Negation）,Theorganizationhasnot,sofar,justifiedthehopeswhichthepeoplesetonit.到目前为止，这个组织辜负了人们对它寄予的希望。Suddenlyheheardasoundbehindhim,andrealizedhewasnotaloneinthegarage.他突然听到背后有声响，便立刻意识到车库里还有别人。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,47,8分译法（Division）。,英语长句多，为了符合汉语表达习惯，可将英语长句拆成短句。Itwasarealchallengethatthosewhohadlearnedfromusnowexcelledus.过去向我们学习的人，现在反而超过了我们。这对我们确实是一个鞭策。Ithasbeenrightlystatedthatthissituationisathreattointernationalsecurity.这个局势对国际安全是个威胁，这样的说法是完全正确的。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,48,Longafterthe1998WorldCupwanwon,disappointedfanswerestillcursingthedisputedrefereeing(裁判)decisionsthatdeniedvictorytotheirteam.1998年世界杯被捧走后很久，失望的球迷们还在咒骂哪些有争议的裁定，因为这些裁定使他们所支持的球队无法获胜。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,49,Probablythereisnotoneherewhohasnotinthecourseofthedayhadoccasiontosetinmotionacomplextrainofreasoning,oftheverysamekind,thoughdifferingindegree,asthatwhichascientificmangoesthroughintracingthecausesornaturalphenomena.在座的诸位中，大概不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动，这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动，尽管复杂程度不同，但在类型上是完全一样的。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,50,9常见短语和重要句型的翻译,1)Itgoeswithoutsayingthat不言而喻的是2)Itiscommonknowledgethat众所周知的是3)Itoccurstomethat我突然想起4)Itisnotthatbutthat并不是说而是说,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,51,Itisnotthatthescalesintheonecase,andthebalanceintheother,differintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworking;butthatthelatterisamuchfinerapparatusandofcoursemuchmoreaccurateinitsmeasurementthantheformer.这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平在构造原理或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因而在计量上必然更准确得多。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,52,5)某些含蓄否定得翻译Whilehelikedthework,hepointedoutareaswhereimprovementwaspossible.他在欣赏这副作品的同时，又指出了它的不足之处。Heisatalosswhattodo.他不知道该做什么。Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughlycomparabletocriticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity.批评智力测试不反映上述情况，就像批评温度计不能测风速一样。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,53,Plantswhichrefinecrudeoresareoftenlocatedincountriesotherthanthoseinwhichthecrudeoresaremined.提炼矿石的工厂通常不是设在开采矿石的国家，而是设在其它国家。6)morethan与其说不如说Sheismorelikehismotherthanlikehisteacher.,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,54,7)nomorethan和一样都不Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.他们没有理由限制你服用多少维生素，就像他们不能限制你喝多少水一样。ThelawsofPoliticalEconomycannomorebeviolatedthanthoseofphysicalscience.,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,55,8)notall,allisnot并不是都Allthatglittersisnotgold.Bothofthebooksarenothopeful.Everyonedoesntwanttogototheconcert.9)cannottoo无论也不过分Wecantpraisehimtoomuch.Youcantbetoocareful.,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,56,10)muchlessstilllesstosaynothingof更不用说nottomentionletaloneHeknowslittleofmathematics,andstilllessofchemistry.Inoldchina,therewashardlyanymachine-buildingindustry,tosaynothingofanelectronicindustry.Alltheyhavetodoistopressabutton,andtheycanseeplays,films,operasandshowsofeverykind,nottomentionpoliticaldiscussionsandthelatestexcitingfootballmatch.,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,57,11)sothat如此以至于However,theworldissomadethatelegantsystemsareinprincipleunabletodealwithsomeoftheworldsmorefascinatinganddelightfulaspects.然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorderkitchenrage.家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心里疾病厨房狂躁。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,58,ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeanSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,59,这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责Boas和Sapir编造了材料。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,60,12)notsomuchas与其说不如说Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,61,13)notbecause(否定转移)并不是因为notinorderto并不是为了ThepolicedidntarrestmebecauseIcommittedanycrime.TheysaidIwaswanderingonthestreetwiththeintentofcommittinganarrestableoffense.IdonotteachbecauseIhaveknowledgeIfeelcompelledtoshare.Peopledonotshakeoffthecolonialistsyokeinordertoputontheimperialists.,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,62,14)anythingbut一点也不，决不nothingbut就是，仅仅，butfor要不是Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind;itissimplythemodebywhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexplanations.Aloneinadesertedhouse,hewassobusywithhisresearchworkthathefeltanythingbutlonely.Butforyourtimelyhelp,wecouldnthavefinishedtheworkontime.,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,63,15)as特殊状语从句，译为定语从句“Inshort”,aleaderofthenewschoolcontends,“thescientificrevolution,aswecallit,waslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.”,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,64,新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：“简而言之，我们所称谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。”,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,65,16)whatiscalled所谓的，所说的（东西）Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feeling,traitsofcharacter,humannatureandsoon.困难之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部仍然从心态，情感，性格特征及人性等方面寻找行为的根源。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,66,17)suchas诸如Whethertousetests,otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,67,18)notnot双重否定，可依情况译为没有不，或每一个，都.Probablythereisnotoneherewhohasnotinthecourseofthedayhadoccasiontosetinmotionacomplextrainofreasoning,oftheverysamekind,thoughdifferingindegree,asthatwhichascientificmangoesthroughintracingthecausesofnaturalphenomena.,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,68,19)数字表达用语的翻译hundredsofthousandsof数十万的hundredsofmillionsof数亿的tensofthousandsof好几万scoresofyearsago数十年前dozensof几十adozenof一打acoupleofdays一两天/三两天everytwoweeks/everyotherweek每隔一周/每两周intwosandthrees三三两两/三五成群tentoone十有八九/很可能onceandforall永远地/一劳永逸地inahundred/thousandandoneyears千方百计地athousandthankstoyou万分感谢Oncebitten,twiceshy.一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,69,倍数增减4timesgreaterthan是的5倍，比大4倍seventimesasfastas是速度的7倍，比快6倍10timesthesizeof是大小的10倍riseby15%增加百分之十五riseto10,000dollars提高到10，000美元reduceby3millionpounds减少了300万英镑doubletheproduction产量翻了一番,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,70,时间表达用语的翻译。年代：bytheendof2000到2000年末intheearly21stcentury在21世纪早期inthelate1980s在20世纪80年代末期bythemid-1960s到20世纪60年代中期in264AD在公元264年duringthefirstquarterofthe20thcentury在20世纪的前25年in1050BC在公元前1050年inthe1990s在20世纪90年代inthesecondhalfoftheyear在那一年的后半年,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,71,常用的时间表达法：thecomingSaturday即将到来的这个星期六thefollowingday第二天twodaysaftertomorrow大后天earlyinthespring/morning早春/清晨lateintheautumn/afternoon深秋/快到傍晚deepinthewinter/atnight隆冬/深夜thefirsthalfoftheweek前半周,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,72,专有名词的翻译专有名词的正确理解与翻译在很大程度上取决于背景知识。一般来说，专有名词的译法基本固定，不可随意变动。WhentheshuttleChallengerfellaparton28January,1986,itsignaledtheendofanera.1986年1月28日航天飞机“挑战者”号坠毁，标志着一个时代的结束。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,73,10被动的翻译,首先，我们可以根据需要，用汉语主动句来表达英语被动句。Theirshipwaswreckedontherock.他们的船触礁遇难。2.Ourholidayswerespoiltbybadweather.我们的假日因天气不好而使人扫兴。3.Theofficialversionoftheincidenthasbeenchallengedbymanywitnesses.有许多目击者对这一事件的官方说法提出了异议。4.Thedesksintheclassroomwereallspottedwithink.这个教室里的桌子全都墨迹斑斑。5.Hewasregardedasthemostsuccessfulyoungbusinessmanofthisyear.大家认为他是本年度最有成就的企业家。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,74,其次，如果英语中的被动意义必须表达出来，那么可根据实际内容用下列词语来表示被动：“被”、“把”、“由”、“为”、“靠”、“遭到”、“受（到）”、“叫”、“加以”、“得到”、“是的”、“使”、“给”、“为所”等等。如：Manylakesandrivershavebeenpollutedwithindustrialwaste.许多江河湖泊已被工业废料污染了。2.ComputersarebeingusedwidelyinChina.现在计算机在中国得到了广泛的应用。3.Theclassroomwascleanedbyhim.是他把教室打扫干净的。Lastyeartheregionwasvisitedbytheworstdroughtin60years.去年这个地区遭受了60年来最严重的旱灾。TimewouldberequiredtowriteaglobalLawofSea.要拟定全球性海洋法是需要时间的。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,75,最后，有些含有形式主语的英语句子，在英译汉时常改为主动句，可在汉译中加上主语“有人”、“人们”、“我们”、“大家”等，有的也可以不加。如：Itisassertedthat有人主张Itisbelievedthat据信Itisgenerallyconsideredthat人们普遍认为Itishopedthat人们希望Itisreportedthat据报道Itissaidthat据说Itissupposedthat据推测Itiswell-knownthat众所周知Itmustbeadmittedthat必须承认Itmustbepointedoutthat需指出的是Itwastoldthat据传Itwillbesaidthat有人会说,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,76,Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,77,自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚被认识和研究。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,78,Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomous(self-governing)manoftraditionaltheory,andtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,79,自由和尊严是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其成就给予肯定的必不可少的前提。,2002-3-9,PreparedbyOrchardZhan,80,11定语从句的翻译,这是考试的重点，也是难点。做定语的可以是形容词（翻译成汉语时放在它所修饰的词的前面），可以是介词词组、过去分词、现在分词，还可以是句子（即定语从句），翻译的时候，根据实际需要采取倒译法或顺译法，也可以将定语从句切分为另一个单句。1.Weknowthatacat,whoseeyescantakemore