The Silk Road 丝绸之路PPT课件

.,1,TheSilkRoad:HistoricalGeography,DevelopedbyJoeNaumann,UMSL,.,2,TheSilkRoad,TheSilkRoad,orSilkRoute,isaninterconnectedseriesoftraderoutesthroughSouthernAsiamainlyconnectingChangan(todaysXian)inChina,withAsiaMinorandtheMediterranean.Itextendsover8,000km(5,000miles)onlandandsea.TradeontheSilkRoutewasasignificantfactorinthedevelopmentofthegreatcivilizationsofChina,Mesopotamia,Persia,IndiaandRome,andhelpedtolaythefoundationsforthemodernworld.,.,3,TheChineseSection,.,4,MajorStopsontheRoad,TaklamakanDesert,.,5,TouristsreadytobeginaSilkRoadtour.,.,6,CitiesandSights,AlongtheSilkRoad,.,7,Changan(Xiantoday),ThesiteoftheHancapitalwaslocated5kmnorthwestofmodernXian.AsthecapitaloftheWesternHanDynasty,itwasthepolitical,economicandculturalcenterofChina,theeasternterminusoftheSilkRoad,andacosmopolitanmetropoliscomparablewiththegreatestcitiesofthecontemporaneousRomanEmpire.,.,8,Changanareasatelliteview,.,9,ThestatueisatthestartingpointoftheancientSilkRoadofChangan(presentXianCity).,.,10,CityWallofChangan,.,11,BigWildGoosePagoda,.,12,TheGreatMosque50,000MuslimsinXiantoday,.,13,Tianshui,TianshuiisthesecondlargestcityinGansuprovinceinnorthwestChina,withapproximately320,300people.AnearbytouristattractionistheMaijishanGrottoesfilledwiththousandsofancientBuddhistsculptures.TheQinstate,latertobecomethefoundingdynastyoftheChineseempire,grewoutfromthisarea,andtheQinnameitselfisbelievedtohaveoriginated,inpart,fromthere.QintombshavebeenexcavatedfromFangmatannearTianshui,includingone2200yearoldmapofGuixiancounty.ItisadioceseoftheRomanCatholicchurch,currentlyvacant.,.,14,4thlargestareaofBuddhistgrottoes,.,15,MaijiMountain,.,16,MarketPlace,.,17,ResidentialArea,.,18,Lanzhou,EarlysettlementinthisregioncouldbedatedtotheHanDynastyandhasahistoryofover2,000years.ThecityusedtobecalledtheGoldenCity,whenitwasamajorstopontheancientSilkRoad.Toprotectthecity,theGreatWallofChinawasextendedasfarasYumen.,.,19,Lanzhouareasatelliteview,.,20,MountainScenery,.,21,OldIrrigationWaterwheel,.,22,SleepingBuddha,.,23,TraditionalSheepskinRaft,.,24,Lanzhou:SangkePrairielocalfamilyandtheirhome,.,25,Dunhuang,ThecityislocatednearthehistoricjunctionofthenorthernandsouthernSilkRoads,andwasthereforeatownofmilitaryimportance.ForcenturiesBuddhistmonksatDunhuangcollectedscripturesfromthewest,andmanypilgrimspassedthroughthearea,paintingmuralsinsidetheMogaoCavesorCavesofaThousandBuddhas.,.,26,.,27,SatelliteviewofDunhuangarea.,.,28,TheMingshaShanduneoverlookingDunhuang,.,29,SanddunesoutsideDunhuang,.,30,Dunhuangcitywall.,.,31,BuddhistTempleGrottoof1000Caves,.,32,SpringoasisnearDunhuangontheSilkRoad,.,33,Turfan(Turpan),TheOasisofTurfan(withwaterprovidedbykarez)issome260ftundersealevel.AroundTurfanarequiteafewhistoricsites.Turfanhaslongbeenthecentreofafertileoasisandanimportanttradecentre.ItwashistoricallylocatedalongtheSilkRoadsnorthernroute.Theveryheatanddrynessofthesummer,whencombinedwiththeareasancientsystemofirrigation,allowsthecountrysidearoundTurfantoproducegreatquantitiesofhigh-qualityfruit.,.,34,TurfanOasissatelliteviewCanyouspottheoasis?,Whatadifferencewatermakes!,.,35,Karez(undergroundirrigation),.,36,Karez,2000kilometersofundergroundchannels(Karez)bringbringice-coldwaterfromtheTianshanmountainstoTurfan.Theyhavetobeundergroundasotherwisethewaterwouldevaporateontheway.Thissystemis2000yearsold.,.,37,DesertRoad,.,38,FlamingMountains,.,39,HomeinTurfan,.,40,ChildrenfromTurfan,.,41,Buddhisttemplecaves,.,42,Streetandcoveredwalks.,.,43,EminminaretinTurfan,.,44,Khotan,KhotanisanoasistowninKhotanPrefectureanditscapitalaswell,population114,000(2006).AnimportantstationonthesouthernrouteofthehistoricSilkRoad,ithasalwaysdependedontwostrongriverstheKarakashRiverandtheYurungkashRivertoprovidethewaterneededtosurviveonthesouthwesternedgeofthevastTaklamakandesert.,.,45,TaklamakanDesertsatelliteviewnearKhotan,Khotan,TaklamakanDesert,Kashgar,Turfan,.,46,TaklamakanDesert,TheTaklamakanisadesertofCentralAsia,intheXinjiangUyghurAutonomousRegionofthePeoplesRepublicofChina.Itisknownasthelargestsand-onlydesertintheworld.SomereferencesfancifullystatethatTaklamakanmeansifyougoin,youwontcomeout;othersstatethatitmeansDesertofDeathorPlaceofNoReturn.Itcoversanareaof270,000kmoftheTarimBasin.ItiscrossedatitsnorthernandatitssouthernedgebytwobranchesoftheSilkRoad.,.,47,CaravanintheTaklamakanDesert,.,48,Khotanmosque,.,49,SundaymarketinKhotan,.,50,ManwithgoatontheroadtoKhotan,.,51,SchoolchildreninKhotan,.,52,CarpetweavinginKhotan,.,53,KhotanCarpet,.,54,KashgarlaststopinChina,KashgarissitedwestoftheTaklamakandesertatthefeetoftheTianShanmountainrange.SituatedatthejunctionofroutesfromthevalleyoftheOxus,fromKhokandandSamarkand,Almati,Aksu,andKhotan,thelasttwoleadingfromChinaandIndia,Kashgarhasbeennotedfromveryearlytimesasapoliticalandcommercialcentre.TheKashgaroasisiswhereboththenorthernandsouthernroutesfromChinaaroundtheTaklamakandesertconverge.,.,55,PamirMts.WestofKashgar,.,56,.,57,PamirMountains,LocatedinCentralAsia,thePamirMountainsareformedbythejunctionorknotoftheTianShan,Karakoram,Kunlun,andHinduKushranges.Theyareamongtheworldshighestmountains.TheyarealsoknownbytheChinesenameofCongling葱嶺orOnionMountains.Coveredinsnowthroughouttheyear,thePamirshavelongandbitterlycoldwinters,andshort,coolsummers.Annualprecipitationisabout5inches(130mm),whichsupportsgrasslandsbutfewtrees.,.,58,PamirMts.SeenfromtheSilkRoad,.,59,OldtownsectionofKashgar,.,60,NewdevelopmentinKashgar,.,61,SundaymarketitliesinunusuallygoodpasturagenearthesaltworksofSelitrennoiGorodok.Inthenineteenthcentury,Pallasexploredthearea,andsawthattheruinswerebeingpulleddownanddefaced.,.,89,NorthwesternTerminus,ThiswastheendofthenorthernroutefromKashgar.,.,90,SouthernRoutefromKashgar,ThisrouteterminatedattheMediterraneanSea.,.,91,Bactria,Accordingtosomewriters,BactriawasthehomelandofAryantribeswhomovedsouth-westintoIranandintoNorth-WesternIndiaaround2500-2000BCLateritbecamethenorthprovinceofthePersianEmpireinCentralAsia.Itwasintheseregions,wherethefertilesoilofthemountainouscountryissurroundedbytheTuraniandesert,thattheprophetZarathushtra(Zoroaster)wassaidtohavebeenbornandgainedhisfirstadherents.,.,92,Bactria,.,93,AncientBactria,BALKH-(ancientBactria)CalledtheMotherofCities,Balkhisabout22kms.(13mi.)westofMazar-e-Sharif.TodaynothingremainsofitsancientgloryexceptaseriesofruinssuchasthefamousArchOfNawbaharandtheremainsofaBuddhistStupa.,.,94,BuddhiststupasinBactria,.,95,PastureinBactria,.,96,AlongtheSilkRoad,.,97,Merv,Mervincurrent-dayTurkmenistan,wasamajoroasis-cityinCentralAsia,onthehistoricalSilkRoad,locatedneartodaysMary.Severalcitieshaveexistedonthissite,whichissignificantfortheinterchangeofcultureandpoliticsatasiteofmajorstrategicvalue.ItisclaimedthatMervwasbrieflythelargestcityintheworldinthetwelfthcentury.ThesiteofancientMervhasbeenlistedbyUNESCOasaWorldHeritageSite.,.,98,NewSilkRoadunderconstruction,.,99,WallsofancientMerv,.,100,ArchaeologistsatancientMerv.,.,101,AncientMervCitadel,.,102,NearancientMerv,.,103,TehranareasouthoftheCaspianSea,.,104,AreawestofTehran,.,105,Mesopotamia,.,106,Baghdad,BaghdadisthecapitalofIraqandofBaghdadGovernorate.Withanestimatedpopulationofsevenmillion,itisthelargestcityinIraq.Itisthesecond-largestcityintheArabworld(afterCairo)andthesecond-largestcityinsouthwestAsia(afterTehran).LocatedontheTigrisRiverthecitydatesbacktoatleastthe8thcentury,andprobablytopre-Islamictimes.ItwasoncethecenterofDaral-salam,theMuslimworld.,.,107,Iraqmap,.,108,MosqueinBaghdad.,.,109,Mosqueandarch,.,110,DuststorminBaghdad,.,111,Babylon,ThecityitselfwasbuiltupontheEuphrates,anddividedinequalpartsalongitsleftandrightbanks,withsteepembankmentstocontaintheriversseasonalfloods.Babylongrewinextentandgrandeurovertime,butgraduallybecamesubjecttotheruleofAssyria.IthasbeenestimatedthatBabylonwasthelargestcityintheworldfromc.1770to1670BC,andagainbetweenc.612and320BC.Itwasperhapsthefirstcitytoreachapopulationabove200,000.,.,112,RebuiltruinsofBabylon,.,113,Babylon,.,114,Damascus,DamascusisthelargestcityofSyriaandisalsothecapital.Itisthoughttobetheoldestcontinuouslyinhabitedcityintheworld.beforeAlFayyum,andGaziantep.Itscurrentpopulationisestimatedatabout4.5million.Damascusliesabout80kminlandfromtheMediterraneanSea,shelteredbytheAnti-LebanonMountains.Itliesonaplateau680metersabovesea-level.TheoldcityofDamascus,enclosedbythecitywalls,liesonthesouthbankoftheriverBaradDamascusliesabout80kminlandfromtheMediterraneanSea,shelteredbytheAnti-LebanonMountains.Itliesonaplateau680metersabovesea-level.TheoldcityofDamascus,enclosedbythecitywalls,liesonthesouthbankoftheriverBarada.,.,115,Damascusatsunset.,.,116,DowntownDamascus,.,117,UmmayyadMosqueinoldDamascus,.,118,Antioch,AntiochontheOronteswasanancientcityontheeasternside(leftbank)oftheOrontesRiverlocatedonthesiteofthemoderncityofAntakya,Turkey.Foundedneartheendofthe4thcenturyBCbySeleucusINicator,oneofAlexandertheGreatsgenerals,AntiochwasdestinedtorivalAlexandriaasthechiefcityofthenearerEastandtobethecr