英语国家概况-谢福之Chapter-2-history

GuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries,英语国家概况,英语国家概况,Chapter2History,TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,英语国家概况,TheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire,TransitiontotheModernAge,II,III,CONTENT,TheFoundingoftheNation,I,1.1RomanBritainandAnglo-Saxons,1.1.1PrehistoricPeriod(historyundocumented)9,000yearsagopartofE-Continent3,000BCIberians(Stonehenge),Stonehenge巨石阵ItisthemostfamousprehistoricmonumentinBritainandissituatedonSalisburyPlaininthecountyofWiltshire.PeoplebeganbuildingStonehengeabout5,000yearsago,draggingeachstoneintoplace.,StonehengeanditsStatue,1.1RomanBritainandAnglo-Saxons,ThenameofBritainBritonsTribalsocietyCelticLanguage(IrishGaelic盖尔语,ScottishGaelic,Welsh),1.1.2Celtic凯尔特Britain(8th5thCenturyBC),Howmanyinvasions?FirstinvasionInAugust55BC,JuliusCaesarinvadedBritainSecondCaesarssecondraidin54BCThirdandfinalIn43AD,EmperorClaudius,finalandsuccessfulRomaninvasionofBritainLeftGermanicattackinRome,forcingallRomantroopstoleaveBritain,andthusendingtheRomanoccupationoftheisland.,1.1.3RomanBritain(43AD5thCentury),Capableadministrators&goodbuilders(townsandcities&roads)BuildingofLondonRiverThames“LondonBridge”BuildingofroadsRomanChristianitySt.AugustinebringsChristianity基督教toBritainfromRomeandbecomesArchbishopofCanterbury,1.1.3RomanBritain(43AD5thCentury),PopeGregoryI,1.1.4TheAnglo-SaxonInvasion(5th8thCentury),Germanic日耳曼人（或民族）的people(theJutes朱特人fromJutland,AnglesfromSouthofDenmarkandSaxonsfromGermany)English(languageoftheAngles)dominantlanguage,Doyouknowhowthenamesofthedaysinaweekcameintobeing?TheAnglo-SaxonsbroughttheirownTeutonic（日耳曼人的）religiontoBritain.ThenamesTuesday,Wednesday,ThursdayandFridayrespectivelyderivefromtheirgods.TiugodofwarWodenkingofheavenThorgodofstormsFreyagoddessofpeace,1.1.5DanishInvasion(8thCentury1066),theVikings威金人(fromtheScandinaviancountries:Norway,DenmarkandSweden)AlfredtheGreat,kingofWessexApeacetreaty:theeasternhalfoftheislandwastobesubjecttotheDanishlawandcometobeknownastheDanelawFrom1016to1042,undertheruleofDanishkings.In1042,theEnglishthronewasreturnedtotheAnglo-Saxons,Alfred（阿尔弗雷德）theGreat,alsoknownas“FatheroftheBritishNavy”.,WestminsterAbbey,builtin1052,bythepenultimateKingofEngland,theEdwardtheConfessor(1042-1066),1.1.5DanishInvasion(8thCentury1066),在泰晤士河畔，在钟声回荡的国会大厦西南侧，耸立着英国最古老的建筑物威斯敏斯特教堂。这里长眠着从享利三世到乔治二世等20多位国王，憩息着牛顿、哈代、狄更斯、达尔文、吉卜林这些享誉世界的巨人，还有二战“不列颠之战”中牺牲的皇家空军将士。威斯敏斯特教堂碑文(2009-03-0319:18:45)标签：杂谈当我年轻的时候，我的想象漫无边际，我梦想改变这个世界；当我成熟以后，我发现我不能改变这个世界，我将目缩短了一些，决定只改变我的国家；当我进入暮年以后，我发现我不能够改变我的国家，我最后的愿望仅仅是改变我的家庭，然而，这似乎也不可能现在，我已经躺在床上，就在生命将要完结的时候，我突然意识到:如果一开始我就首先改变自己。然后，作为一个榜样，我可能为国家做一些重要的事情就在我为国家服务的时候，我或许能因为某些意想不到的行为，改变这个世界,In1066,EdwardchoseHaroldofWessextobeKinginhisplace.DukeWilliam,oftenreferredtoasWilliamtheConquer,challengedHaroldssuccession,wontheBattleofHastings,andwascrownedKing.,1.1.6TheNormanConquest,DukeWilliam,NormanCavalier,In1067,WilliamstartedbuildingtheTowerofLondon,thegreatfortresswhichdemonstratedhispoweranddominatedthecityofLondon.,1.1.6TheNormanConquest,1.2.1GreatCharter(MagnaCarta),In1154HenryIIascendedthethroneHenryIIreformedthecourtsandthelaws:introducedthejurysystem(陪审团制度)institutionalizedcommonlaw,HenryII,1.2.1GreatCharter(MagnaCarta),Johnascendedthethronein1199.Hedemandedfeudaltaxesandarmyservice.HewasforcedtosigntheMagnaCarta(大宪章).,Significancetownspeoplefreedomoftradeandself-governmentmerchantsandcraftsmenforthefirsttimeasanewpoliticalforcepartoftheBritishConstitutiontoday,JohnofEnglandsignsMagnaCarta.,ProvisionsofOxfordlimitingtheKingspowerbycallingregularmeetingsoftheGreatCouncilParlertotalkOfficialformationofthetwohousesofparliament:HouseofLordsHouseofCommons,1.2.2BirthofParliament,TheEnglishparliamentinfrontoftheKing,aseriesofwarsfoughtbetweenEnglandandFranceovertrade,territory,securityandthethroneTheEnglishwerebrilliantlysuccessfultill1422.EncouragedbyJoanofArc,thenationalheroine,theFrenchdrovetheEnglishoutofFrance.By1453,Calais（加来）wastheonlypartofFrancethatwasstillinthehandsoftheEmotedtheconceptofEmotedthedevelopmentofthetextileindustryraisedthesocialpositionofthebourgeoisclass.,1.2.3HundredYearsWar(13371453),SaintJoanofArc,RichardIII,LancasterRose,YorkRose,HenryTudor,1.2.4TheWaroftheRoses(14551485),AwarforthethronebetweentheHouseofYorkandtheHouseofLancaster.Itreducedthepowerofnobilityandhelpedtoincreasethepowerofthenewrisingbourgeoisclass.TheHouseofLancasterwonandtheirleaderHenryTudorbecameKingHenryVIIandstartedtheruleoftheHouseofTudor(1485-1603).,TransitiontotheModernAge,2.3RestorationandtheGloriousRevolution,2.1ReligiousReformation,Reasons2religiouscamps:CatholicandProtestantCatholicImmediatecause:HenryVIIIsdivorceActofSupremacyHenryVIII“onlysupremeheadofthechurchofEngland”Inessence,theReformationwasapoliticalmovementinareligiousguise,HenryVIII,QueenElizabethI(1558-1603)ConsolidatedtheChurchofEnglandDefendedthefruitoftheReformationinessenceGoldenAgeofEnglishHistoryEnglandadvancedinsuchareasasforeigntrade,exploration,literature,andthearts.Theageofexplorationbegan:claimingnewlandsforEnglandandintroducingnewmaterialsandfoods.TheAmericanState,Virginia,isnamedafterQueenElizabeth.,Elizabeth,2.1ReligiousReformation,parliamentaryclashesovermonopoliesthemonarchyattemptedtocontrolcommercialactivitiesintheinterestsofthecourtKingCharlesIdissolvedParliamentin1629,andruledthecountrywithoutitforelevenyears.,ThevariousclassesinEnglandsoonsplitupintotwocamps:Parliament:merchants,artisansandapprentices,peasantsKing:gentry,biglandlordsandmonopolists,2.1ReligiousReformation,Thecivilwarbrokeout(16421649)BetweentheRoyalists(theCavalier保王党人)andParliamentarians(Roundheads圆颅党人)Result:themonarchywasabolishedin1949Englandwasdeclaredacommonwealth,i.e.arepublic,2.2TheCivilWar,TheCommonwealth(16491660)Cromwell,theheadoftheCommonwealthConservativeinsocialreformsandprotectedpropertyownershipIn1660,ParliamenthadCharlesIIaskingofEngland.ThisputanendtotheCommonwealth.,2.2TheCivilWar,2.3RestorationandtheGloriousRevolution,Restoration:1661,CharlesII:torestoretheoldsocialorder1685,JamesII:toreestablishCatholicism,GloriousRevolution1688:jointsovereignofWilliamandMary1689:BillofRights(limitedthepowerofthemonarchandguaranteedtheauthorityofParliament)removedtherulingmonarchandestablishedConstitutionalMonarchy,2.4TheIndustrialRevolution,TheIndustrialRevolutiontookplacefirstinBritainforthefollowingreasonshugemarketcoloniesinAmericaandIndiacapitalenclosuremovementlaborAseriesofimportantinventionsinthetextileindustrymarkedthebeginningofIndustrialRevolution:SpinningJennyWaterframeSpinningmulePowerloomSteamengine,SpinningJenny,Powerloom,2.4TheIndustrialRevolution,Meansoftransportationcanalsweredugtoshipgoodsthelocomotiveinventedin1814thefirstrailwaycompletedin1825largemerchantfleet,SteamEngine,MerchantFleet,2.4TheIndustrialRevolution,Bythemiddleof19thcentury,theIndustrialRevolutionwasaccomplishedinBritain,Itsinfluence:Britainchangedinmanywaysdramaticallyincreasedindustrialproductivity,theprocessofurbanizationchangesinclassstructureTheconflictbetweenthecapitalistsandtheproletariansthemostimportantpoliticalissue,2.4TheIndustrialRevolution,TheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire,FirstBritishEmpire:19thCenturyItincludedthecoloniesinCanada,Australia,NewZealand,IndiaandmanysmallstatesintheWestIndies,SecondBritishEmpireduringtheVictorianAge:Mid-andlate-19thCenturyQueenVictoriasforeignpolicyNewImperialismItincludedthecoloniesinAustralia,NewZealandandCanadadominionsVictoria“EmpressofIndia”InAsia,occupiedBurmaandsomeothersmallstates.OpiumWaragainstChinaInAfrica,controlSuezCanalandconquerEgyptUnionofSouthAfricathe4thdominion,3.1TheFormationoftheBritishEmpire,OntheEveofWorldWarI,Britainhadthelargestcolonialempiretheworldhadeverseen.aterritoryof33.5millionsquarekilometers(1/4oftheworldstotalland).apopulationof393.5million(8timesaslargeasthatinBritain),3.1TheFormationoftheBritishEmpire,3.2BritainintheWorldWars,3.2.1WorldWarI,Bythebeginningofthe20thcentury,BritainsdominancewaschallengedbyotherEuropeannationsandtheUSTwocampsinEurope:CentralPowers:Germany,Austria-Hungary,OttomanEmpireandBulgariaAlliedPowers:Britain,France,Russia,ItalyandUSTheimmediatecauseassassinationinSarajevo,Over32countrieswereinvolved,28ofwhichsupporttheAlliesPowersandAlliesPowerswonThecostofthewarforBritainwasgreat:drainedofitsmanpowerlosttheseasupremacyahugenationaldebt,3.2.1WorldWarI,GermanyplantoconquerEuropeBritainappeasementdeclarewaronGermanyonSeptember3,1939alliancewiththeSovietUnionandtheUnitedStatesGermanysurrenderedunconditionallyonMay7,1945greatcostloseitsnavalsupremacyandindebttotheUnitedStates.,3.2.2WorldWarII,WinstonChurchill,IndependencemovementIndia,Pakistan,Burma,MalayaandEgyptBritishCommonwealthofNations(alooselyorganizedcommunityofformerBritishcolonies),3.3TheFalloftheEmpire,BritainsinceWorldWarII,OneoftheBigThreeafterWWIIForeignPolicy:ThreeMajesticCircleslessinvolvementintheCommonwealthcircleclosecooperationwiththeUnitedStatesanisolationistpolicytowardsEurope,4.1.“ThreeMajesticCircles”,MargaretThatcherReestablished“specialrelationship”withtheUnitedStatesagainstEuropeanintegration,TonyBlairmorepositivetowardsEurope(butrefusetojointheEuro)furtherstrengthenedthecloserelationshipwiththeUnitedStates,4.2“SpecialRelationship”withtheUS,Cartoon:TheSpecialRelationshipBetweenBritannia&UncleSam,50ThingsYouNeedtoKnowAboutBritishHistory,Indateorder：Stonehenge2200BCRomanInvasionandCivilisation43ADStAugustineandChristianity597KingAlfredtheGreatandtheDoomBook871BattleofHastingsandNormanConquest1066MagnaCartaandtrialbyjury1215DeclarationofArbroath1320CanterburyTales1370PeasantsRevolt1381ThelongbowsatAgincourt1415,ReligiousSettlement1559SirFrancisDrakeandthedefeatoftheSpanishAmrada1588GunpowderPlot1605Shakespeare1610PlantationofUlster1611ExecutionofCharlesI1649GloriousRevolutionandBillofRights1688TheBankofEngland1694ActofUnion1707Britains