综合英语4Unit4AViewofMountainsPPT演示课件.ppt

Unit4,TextIAViewofMountains,1,Nucleartechnology,Thereisagreatdealofpublicconcernaboutitsdangersandpossibleimplications.Therefore,everyapplicationofnucleartechnologyisreviewedwithcare.Howmuchdoyouknowaboutnucleartechnology?,2,Nucleartechnology,Nucleartechnologyistechnologythatinvolvesthereactionsofatomicnuclei.Ithasfoundapplicationsfromsmokedetectorstonuclearreactors,andfromgunsightstonuclearweapons.,3,Pre-readingquestions,1.Somepeoplethinkpossessingnuclearweaponsthreatenstheexistenceofmankindothersthinkitservesasgooddeterrencetopreventcountriesfromgoingtowar.Areyoufororagainstnuclearweapons?Why?2.Doyouthinknuclearenergyisasafeandeconomicalsourceofenergy?Explain.3.Wouldyouliveinaplacethathasanuclearpowerplantnearby?Givereasons.,4,TheProsandConsofNuclearEnergy,Advantages:1.Reductioninairpollution:acoal-fireplantreleasesmuchmoreradioactivity,co2andotherelementsintotheatmospherethanaproperly-functioningnuclearpowerplantdoes.Nuclearenergyisextremelycleanandnotpoisonous;2.Medicalapplication:nucleartechniquesforthediagnosisofmanydiseases,suchasleishmaniasis,Chagasdisease,iodinedeficiencies,andsicklecelldiseases.,5,6,7,Disadvantages:Miningandpurifyinguraniumhasnotbeenaverycleanprocess;Improperlyfunctioningnuclearpowerplantscancreatebigproblems,liketheChernobyldisaster.Chernobylscatteredtonsofradioactivedustintotheatmosphere.(切尔诺贝利在1986年因核事故而被废弃)Transportingnuclearfueltoandfromplantsposessomerisk.,8,切尔诺贝利在1986年因核事故而被废弃,9,Chernobyldisaster,1986年4月26日凌晨1点23分，在乌克兰基辅州普里皮亚特发生，是历史上最严重的核能发电厂意外事故。由于切尔诺贝利发电厂没有保护掩体，导致受到核辐射尘污染的云层飘往前苏联西部的部分地区、西欧、东欧、斯堪地那维亚半岛、不列颠群岛和北美东部部分地区。此外，在乌克兰、白俄罗斯及俄罗斯境内遭受到严重的核污染，超过336,000名的居民被迫撤离。依据前苏联的官方报告，约60%受到辐射尘污染的地区皆位于白俄罗斯境内，但根据2006年的TORCH报告指出，半数的辐射尘都落在前述的三个前苏联国家以外。这次灾难所释放出的辐射线剂量是投在广岛的原子弹的400倍以上。,10,BackgroundInformationofthetest1.aboutthetextThistextistheepiloguefromJonathanSchellsbookTheGiftofTime:TheCauseforAbolishingNuclearweaponsNowpublishedbyHenryHoltform.bethecomponetsoressenceof;makeupform组成，构成e,g.Meat，milk，vegetables，fruitandstarchesconstituteabalanceddiet.肉类、牛奶、蔬菜、水果以及淀粉质食物构成了均衡饮食。Nitrogenconstitutes78%oftheearthsatmostphere.2)beequaltoItisuptotheteachertodecidewhatconstitutessatisfactorywork.,22,constitute为正式用语，意为“若干部分构成一个整体”，一般不用于被动语态，如:54cardsconstituteapack.54张卡片组成一副纸牌。compose意为“一个整体由若干部分组成或由哪些要素构成”，常用短语为becomposedof，如:Wateriscomposedofhydrogenandoxygen.水是由氢和氧构成的。comprise也为正式用语，不仅有“整体由若干部分构成”的意思，也不用于被动语态，如:Thebookcomprisestenchapters.这本书有十章。Studyinganddoingexperiments_practicallythewholeofhislife.研究和做实验几乎就是他生活的全部内容。,23,brandv.markwithhotiron;impressfirmly打烙印;铭记，铭刻Imageryofthewarhasbrandeditselfintothenationalconsciousness.战争的印象深深地铭刻在人民的脑海里。(点拔)其宾语后面接介词as,意为“指为;使显得”，如:Theybrandedhimasaliar.他们指他为说谎者。Herhairstylebrandedherasoldfashioned.她的发型使她显得守旧。其宾语后面接介词on，意为“铭记，如:Brandthelessononyourmind.牢记这个教训。,24,survivev.remainaliveorinexistence;livelongerthan;outlive活着，继续存在;比活得长Hewastheonlypassengerthatsurvivedtheplanecrash.他是这次飞机失事中惟一幸存的乘客。（点拨）意为“比某人多活年”时，介词用by，如:她比他丈夫多活了十年。Shesurvivedherhusbandbytenyears.,25,intactadj.remainingsound,entire,oruninjured;notimpairedinanyway完好无损的Hecanscarcelysurvivethisscandalwithhisreputationintact他经此丑闻名誉很难不受损。(点拨)通常只作表语或宾语补足语，如：Thevasehedroppedremainedintact.他掉下来的那个花瓶完整无损。keepourfriendshipintact让我们的友谊不受损害。,26,apprehendv.graspmentally;understand理解，担心(释例)AtlastIapprehendedhismeaning最后，我理解了他的意思。apprehend,comprehend,understand，grasp都有“理解，领会”的意思Apprehend强调心灵的接受Comprehend,understand强调对现实和知识的把握Comprehend,apprehend都强调完全的认识和知识grasp是指紧紧地抓住和保持一种想法,27,sparev.refrain/preventfromharming,punishingorkilling免于伤害或毁坏Hedidtheworktospareyouthetrouble.Itwillsparehimembarrassmentifyouspeaktohimaboutitinprivate.,28,Canyouspareadollarfor/tometillpayday?Canyousparemeadollartillpayday?你能在发薪之日前借给我一块钱用吗?Theysparedhimfromtheordeal.=Theysparedhimtheordeal.他们免除了时他的严峻考验。Thatwillsparehimfromcallsagain.这样就省得他再来造访。,29,ensurev.makesureorcertain使确信或肯定;保证Wemusttakemeasurestoensurethatthepoliciesarecarriedouttothefull.我们必须采取措施保证这些政策不折不扣地得到贯彻执行。(点拨)assure，ensure，insure和guarantee为一组近义词。synonymsassure意为“使确信，使放心”，如：Thedoctorassuredherthatherchildwouldrecoversoon.医生让她相信她的孩子很快就会痊愈。,30,ensure，意为“保证”，指一般性的保证，如:Toensurechildsquickrecovery，thedoctorgavehimanantibiotic.为了使孩子迅速恢复，医生给他使用了抗生素。weensuretheirrighttoexist:weguaranteeasafelivingenvironmentforthem.ensure用于此义时可与assure通用，但二者的搭配不同，如:ensuresb.sth.或ensuresth.tosb.，ensure+thatclause;assuresb.ofsth.，assuresb.+thatclause。,31,insure通常意为“保险”，多用于人寿保险，如:Theoldladyhasinsuredherlife.这个老太太已经办理了人寿保险中国人寿保险股份有限公司（ChinaLifeInsuranceCompanyLimited）guarantee意为“保证”，指对产品质量、人的品质保证，或对承担的义务保证,如：Thisclockisguaranteedforoneyear.这个钟保用一年。,32,.theirbodiesareoftenbrandedwiththepatternsoftheirclothes:theirbodiesareoftenmarkedwiththepatternsoftheirclothesP1Hangover:menace;overshadowP2Thethreatofnuclearwarhangsoverus,wecouldntenjoyourvacation.dispel:causetovanishP3Inhislatestnovelheaimstodispelthemyththatrealmendontcry.,33,TextStudy,34,TextAnalysisTextIAViewofMountainsThisargumentativeessaycomprisesthreeparts:Inthefirstpart（Paragraph1)Inthesecondpart（Paragraphs2-3)Inthelastpart（Paragraph4),35,StructuralAnalysis,Inthefirstpart,thewriterputsforwardhisthesis:aviewofmountainsinthebackgroundsuggeststherealextenttowhichthecitywasdestroyedbytheatomicbomb.Inthesecondpart,theauthorarguesthatthebombingofNagasakiismorerepresentativeofthenuclearperilthreateningtheworldthanthatofHiroshimaandthatweneedtotakeactionstodispelnuclearthreatfromtheEarth.Inthelastpart,herestateshismainidea,i.e.weshouldnotjustworryaboutthenuclearperilbuttakeactionstoeliminateittocreateasaferworld.,36,Summaryofthetext,OnAugust9,1945,thesecondatomicbombwasdroppedonNagasaki.YosukeYamahatawasd_tothedestroyedcitytotakesomep_.SincenosystematicphotographicrecordwasleftofHiroshima,thefirstcitydestroyedbya_bomb,thepicturesYamahatatookofNagasakibecamethefullestphotographicrecordofnucleard_inexistence.In1995,exactly50yearsafterthebombing,Yamahataspicturesweree_inNewYork.Theywerepicturesofatotallyd_city,picturesoftheendoftheworld.,37,However,thes_ofthesepictureswasmorethanonlyarecordofwhathadhappened.Itservesmoreasaw_toeveryone.Itseemstotellusthatthesamethingcouldeasilyhappentoanyplaceaslongastherearenuclearw_inexistence.Thinkingofourfuturegenerations,itsthegreatestofther_ofthegenerationnowalivetod_nuclearweaponsonceandforall.,38,dispatchedphotographsatomicdestructionexhibiteddestroyedsignificancewarningweaponsresponsibilitiesdispel,39,PartIparagraph1,Inpara.1thewriterdescribeswhatYamahataspicturesdisplay:theeffectsofanuclearweapononhumanbeings.Andthenherepeatsthemainpointofhisargument:thetruemeasureliesnotinthewreckagebutinthegonecity,andthisiswherethesignificanceofaviewofmountainsinthebackgroundofoneofthepictureslies.,40,1.whydoestheauthorthinkthatYamahataspicturescomposethefullestrecordofnucleardestructioninexistence?2.Whywerethebodiesoftenbrandedwiththepatternsoftheirclothes?3.whydoestheauthorparticularlymention“aviewofmountains”inoneofthepictures?,41,Questionstobeasked:,1)WhydoestheauthorthinkthatYamahataspicturescomposethefullestrecordofnucleardestructioninexistence?Becausetherewerefewpicturesofthedestructiveconsequencesofthefirstatomicbomb.Incontrast,YamahatasphotossystematicallyandtimelyrecordtheeffectsofthesecondbombonNagasaki.,42,2)Whywerethebodiesoftenbrandedwiththepatternsoftheirclothes?Becausethedifferentcolorsofthepatternsabsorblightindifferentdegrees.Thatis,theypermittedthebodytobeheatedbythethermalpulseindifferentdegreesinaccordancewiththecolorsofthepatterns.Thelighterthecolor,thelessburnedthepartofthebody.,43,3)Whydoestheauthorparticularlymentionaviewofmountainsinoneofthepictures?Becausetheviewofmountainsremindstheviewersofthecitythathadbeenerasedfromearth.Itisinthevanishedcityratherthaninthewreckagethatthesignificanceoftheeventlies.,44,45,46,47,48,49,2.ItwasthereforelefttoYamahatatorecord,methodically-and,asithappens,withagreatandsimpleartistry-theeffectsonahumanpopulationofanuclearweapononlyhoursafterithasbeenused:本句话可理解为：Withskillfulandartistictechniques,Yamahatatooktheresponsibilitytorecordthecalamityagainsthumanbeingproducedbynuclearweaponwithinafewhoursaftertheexplosion.,50,3.Athirdshowsagirlwhohassomehowsurvivedunwoundedstandingintheopenmouthofabombshelterandsmilinganunearthlysmile,shockinguswiththesightofordinarylife,whichseemstohavebeenleftbehindforgoodinthesceneswearewitnessing.本句话可理解为：Inthethirdpicture,agirlescapingfromthecalamityintact,standsintheentranceofabombshelterandsmilesghostly/strangeandunnatural.Wewereknockedbackbywitnessingordinarypeoplestragedycausedbynuclearweaponandtheseterriblesceneswerebrandedinourmindsforever.,51,PartIIParagraphs2-3Inthispart,thewriterfirstclaimsthatthebombingofNagasakiisthefittersymbolofthenucleardangermenacingtheworld;thenhearguesthatweshouldnotjustapprehendthenuclearperilbuttrytodispelitfromtheearth.Forthispurpose,hemaintainsthatpicturetakingisnotenoughandactioniscalledfor.,52,PartIIparagraph2-3,Thefollowingquestionscanbeconsidered:1.WhyisthemeaningofYamahataspictureuniversal?2.WhyhasNagasakialwaysbeenintheshadowofHiroshima?,53,3.DoyouagreewiththeauthorwhenhesaysthebombingofNagasakiisthefittersymbolofthenuclearperil?Whyorwhynot?4.Whatshouldwedoinadditiontoapprehendingthenuclearperil?5.Whatdoweneedtomeetthemoreimportantchallengeofeliminatingnuclearweaponry?,54,1)WhyisthemeaningofYamahataspicturesuniversal?Becausetheyexpressanapprehensionofthenuclearperilthathangsoverus.WhathappenedtoNagasakicouldhappentoanyothercityintheworld.2)WhyhasNagasakialwaysbeenintheshadowofHiroshima?BecauseHiroshimawasthecityonwhichthefirstatomicbombwasdroppedandithasdrawnalmostalltheattentionoftheworld.Bycontrast,Nagasakihasnearlybeenforgottenasanatomicallydevastatedcity.,55,3)DoyouagreewiththeauthorwhenhesaysthebombingofNagasakiisthefittersymbolofthenuclearperil?Whyorwhynot?Thisisanopen-endedquestion.Studentswhoanswernohavetooffertheirownexplanations;thosewhosayyescanfollowthewritersreasoning.Firstitistheevidenceofthedangerthatnuclearweaponscanbeusedagain.Second,itshowstheunpredictabilityofnuclearattacks.,56,4)Whatshouldwedoinadditiontoapprehendingthenuclearperil?Inadditiontoapprehendingthenuclearperil,weshouldtrytodispelitcompletelyfromtheearth.Thisisamoresignificantchallenge.5)Whatdoweneedtomeetthemoreimportantchallengeofeliminatingnuclearweaponry?Weneedactionsratherthanpictures.Nopictureseemsadequateforthispurpose.,57,LanguageWork1.stumble:walkorgounsteadilyTheroomwasdarkandStannearlyfelloverachairashestumbledtothephone.Havingdrunkhalfabottleofwhiskey,Istumbledupstairsandintobed.2.ruin:devastate,reducetotheremainsTherainabsolutelyruinedourbarbecue.Ifthepressshouldfindoutaboutthis,hismarriage,hisreputation,andhiscareerwouldallberuined.,58,3.glimpse:averybriefpassinglook,sight,orviewIcaughtaglimpseofthedriverofthegetawaycar,butIdoubtIwouldrecognizeherifIsawheragain.Thisbiographyoffersonlyafewglimpsesofhislifebeforehebecamefamous.,59,PartIIIparagraph4,Inthispartthewritercallsonustotaketheresponsibilityofcreatingasaferworldfornewgenerations.Whatshouldwedotoensureasaferworldforthefuturegenerations?,60,Thisisanopen-endedquestion.Accordingtothetext,oneofthethingsweshoulddoismakeeffortstobanishnuclearperilfromtheEarthforever.However,thereareotherthingstobeconsidered.Forinstance,theissueofpollutionandenvironmentprotection,thedevelopmentandapplicationofhightechnologyincludingcloningandnuclearenergy,andtheissueofterrorism.,61,Wordusagetechnicallyspeaking:从技术角度来说Technicallyspeaking,theinventionofcarisasimportantasanyinventionsinmoderntime.(从技术角度来说，汽车的发明与现代社会的任何一项发明都同等重要。)类似于的表达结构，如：generallyspeaking（总的来说，一般地来说）;honestly/franklyspeaking(坦率地说，老实说)personallyspeaking(就个人来说，就自己而言)plainlyspeaking(坦率地说)properlyspeaking(确切地说)roughlyspeaking(粗略地说)strictlyspeaking(严格来说),62,Structuralanalysis,WhatmakescleartheauthorsopinionaboutthemeaningofYamahataspicturesisthesentencethatappearsattheendofthefirstpara.Whatmakescleartheauthorsopiniononwhatshouldbedoneabouttheexistingnuclearperilisthesentencethatappearsinthemiddleofthelastparagraph:Performingthatactisthegreatestoftheresponsibilitiesofthegenerationsnowalive.,63,Rhetoricalfeatures,Apartfromthetwosentencesthathavebeenalreadymentioned,wecanfindthefollowingsentenceswiththe“AbutB”structureinthetext:Thetruemeasureoftheeventliesnotinwhatremainsbutinallthathasdisappeared.(Para1)thechallengeisnotjusttoapprehendthenuclearperilbuttoseizeaGod-givenopportunitytodispelitonceandforall(para3)Apartfromthe“AbutB”sentencestructure,wecanalsofindthe“AyetB”type:NagasakihasalwaysbeeninshadowofHiroshimayetthebombingofNagasakiisincertainrespectsthefittersymbolofthenucleardangerthatstillhangsoverus.(para2),64,Yamahataspicturesaffordaglimpseoftheendoftheworld.Yetinourday(para3)Andwecanfindasentencethatorganizesinformationinasimilarwaywithouttheuseoftheconjunctionbutoryet:Arrivingahalf-centurylate,theyarestillnews.(para2)Byadmittingsomethingiscorrectfirstandthensayingsomethingelseisevenmorecorrect,oradmittingsomethingisurgentfirstandthensayingsomethingelseismoreurgentwiththehelportheabove-mentionedsentencestructures,theauthorsucceedsinmakinghissentenceswellbalancedandhisargumentationforcefulandconvincing.,65,IV.ClassCheck1.He_hishead,wonderinghowtosolvetheproblem.A)scrappedB)screwedC)scrapedD)scratched2.E-mailisaconvenient,highlydemocraticinformalmediumforconveyingmessagesthatwell_tohumanneeds.A)satisfiesB)conformsC)adheresD)reflects3.Whensupplyexceedsdemandforanyproduct,pricesare_tofall.A)timelyB)subjectC)simultaneousD)liable4.An_degreewasconferredonthedistinguishedprofessor.A)honestB)honoredC)honoraryD)honorificDBDC,66,KeytosomeoftheExercises(inStudentsBook)IV.Paraphrase1.TheresponsibilitywasthereforeplacedonYamahatasshoulderstorecordtheeffectssystematicallyandincidentallywithagreatandsimpleartistry.2.Thatvanishedcityratherthanitsremainsrepresentsthetruemeasureoftheevent.3.InthephotographsNagasakiregainsitsownstatus.,67,4.thehumanimaginationhadbeenexhaustedandstoppedatthewreckageofthefirstruinedcityandfailedtoreacheventheoutskirtsofNagasaki.5.apartfromthepicturesofNagasakiweseemtoneedsomeotherpicturetoinspireahopeoflifetocounterbalancethesenseofdoomsuggestedbytheruinedNagasaki.,68,V.Makesentences:1.IttookherayeartofindthisEnglishnovel,butittookheronlythreedaystofinishreadingit.2.IllcomeonlyifyoupromisemethatyouwontinviteHenry.Gaseslikehydrogenorcoal-gasorpetrolvaporareperfectlysafeonlyiftheyarenotmixedwithair.,69,1.hadhardlybeenrecordedbythecamera2.smilinginastrangeandunnaturalway3.applicabletoallotherplacesaroundtheworld4.hadstoppedworking5.threatens,70,1.willcometohisown2.isbrandedwith3.forgood永久的，永远的4.layinfeudalsystem5.Incertainrespects6.cameintoexistence7.outskirts8.onceandforall彻底地,71,1.existencetheologian神学者2.survivalnavigationtechniques3.unearthlylandscapevirtualoppositestereotypelush苍翠繁茂的4.wreckedcompartmentblowtorch喷灯5.exhaustiveinvestigation彻底的调查6.apprehensive7.continuation8.AccuracyCABADBCA,72,1.save/relieve/refrain2.danger/risk/jeopardyjeopardize3.incomplete/injured/impaired4.supernatural/mysterious/weird5.omnipresent/ubiquitous6.slip/stagger/flounder挣扎着前进7.individual/personal8.particular/odd/queer,73,securitycalculatedeffectiveincreased/highernotoftenfoundperspective,74,1.Theircattlewerebrandedwiththeletter“C”sothattheycouldbe