生产运作管理之设施设计课件(ppt 63页).ppt

生产与运作管理ProductionandOperationsManagement,第二章设施设计DesignofFacilities,第二章设施与作业设计（DesignofFacilitiesandJobs）,设施位置选择（FacilityLocation）设施布置（FacilityLayout）*作业设计（JobDesign）,第一节设施位置选择（FacilityLocation）,设施位置决策（Decision）设施位置选择的因素（Considerations）设施位置分析方法（Methods）,InGeneral-LocationDecisions,Long-termdecisionsDifficulttoreverseAffectfixed&variablecostsTransportationcostAsmuchas25%ofproductpriceOthercosts:Taxes,wages,rentetc.Objective:Maximizebenefitoflocationtofirm,IndustrialLocationDecisions,CostfocusRevenuevarieslittlebetweenlocationsLocationisamajorcostfactorAffectsshipping&productioncosts(e.g.,labor)Costsvarygreatlybetweenlocations,ServiceLocationDecisions,RevenuefocusCostsvarylittlebetweenmarketareasLocationisamajorrevenuefactorAffectsamountofcustomercontactAffectsvolumeofbusiness,LocationDecisionSequence,FactorsAffectingLocation,资源（人力、原材料、能源、资本、土地的价格及其供应状况）运输（费用及其设施状况）市场（需求量、结构、竞争、价格、顾客分布及其需求特点）建筑（费用及其条件）；税收、保险（种类、政策及其水平）；自然条件（气候、地理位置、地质状况）；经济条件（基础设施、生活质量）；社会条件（文化习俗、公众态度）；政治条件（政府政策及其态度、政治稳定）。,LocationEvaluationMethods,Factor-ratingmethodLocationalbreak-evenanalysisCenterofgravitymethodTransportationmodel,Factor-RatingMethod,MostwidelyusedlocationtechniqueUsefulforservice&industriallocationsRateslocationsusingfactorsIntangible(qualitative)factorsExample:Educationquality,laborskillsTangible(quantitative)factorsExample:Short-run&long-runcosts,Example：FactorRatingMethod,Methodofcost-volumeanalysisusedforindustriallocationsStepsDeterminefixed&variablecostsforeachlocationPlottotalcostforeachlocationSelectlocationwithlowesttotalcostforexpectedproductionvolumeMustbeabovebreak-even,LocationalBreak-EvenAnalysis,LocationalBreak-EvenAnalysisExample,YoureananalystforACDelco.YoureconsideringanewmanufacturingplantinAkron,BowlingGreen,orChicago.Fixedcostsperyearare$30k,$60k,&$110krespectively.Variablecostspercaseare$75,$45,&$25respectively.Thepricepercaseis$120.Whatisthebestlocationforanexpectedvolumeof2,000casesperyear?,LocationalBreak-EvenCrossoverChart,CenterofGravityMethod,FindslocationofsingledistributioncenterservingseveraldestinationsUsedprimarilyforservicesConsidersLocationofexistingdestinationsExample:Markets,retailersetc.VolumetobeshippedShippingdistance(orcost)Shippingcost/unit/mileisconstant,CenterofGravityMethodSteps,PlaceexistinglocationsonacoordinategridGridhasarbitraryorigin&scaleMaintainsrelativedistancesCalculatex&ycoordinatesforcenterofgravityGiveslocationofdistributioncenterMinimizestransportationcost,Minimizestransportationcost,Centerofgravity,Example,TransportationModel,FindsamounttobeshippedfromseveralsourcestoseveraldestinationsUsedprimarilyforindustriallocationsTypeoflinearprogrammingmodelObjective:Minimizetotalproduction&shippingcostsConstraintsProductioncapacityatsource(factory)Demandrequirementatdestination,Example：TransportationModel,在S4的最优结果,在S5的最优结果,在S6的最优结果,最优厂址,S434698S534867S634818S4：最优厂址,第二节设施布置（FacilityLayout）,布置的目标(Objectives)布置的类型(Type)布置的方法(Methods),WhatisFacilityLayout,Locationorarrangementofeverythingwithin&aroundbuildingsObjectivesaretomaximizeCustomersatisfactionUtilizationofspace,equipment,&peopleEfficientflowofinformation,material,&peopleEmployeemorale&safety,ConstraintsonLayoutObjectives,Productdesign&volumeProcessequipment&capacityQualityofworklifeBuildingandsite,重新布置的具体原因(Reasons),（）低效率的作业（例如，高费用、瓶颈）。（）安全事故或危险。（）新产品或服务的引进。（）产品或服务设计的变化。（）新工艺的引进，原有工艺的改进。（）产量或产品组合的变化（）方法或设备的变化。（）环境或其他法规要求的变化。（9）士气问题（例如，缺乏面对面的接触）。,布置的基本类型(BasicTypeofLayouts),Process-orientedlayoutdealswithlow-volume,high-varietyproduction(“jobshop”,intermittentproduction)Product-orientedlayoutseeksthebestpersonnelandmachineuseinrepetitiveorcontinuousproductionFixed-positionlayoutlargebulkyprojectssuchasshipsandbuildings,面向过程布置(Process-OrientedLayout),按加工处理的工艺性质分别设置相应的生产单位，使产品或顾客依次经过相应的各生产单位接受所需的特殊的加工处理或服务。一个生产单位是一种工艺性质的设备、工人等的集合体，进行一种工艺性质的加工处理或服务。它能处理各种具有不同加工要求的但加工性质相同的产品或服务。,面向产品布置(Product-OrientedLayout),按产品或顾客的性质分别设置相应的生产单位，使某种产品或顾客在一个生产作业单位里的得到所需的几乎全部的加工或服务。一个生产作业单位是多种工艺性质的设备、工人等的集合体，进行规定的各种工艺性质的工或处理。它是借助于高度标准化的产品或服务及其所需用的高度标准化的作业得以实现的。一项工作被划分成一系列的标准作业，以实现劳动和设备的专业化。,固定位置布置(Fixed-PositionLayout),产品或项目的位置保持不变，而人员、物料和设备在需要时移动的布置。它与面向产品布置和面向工艺（过程）布置截然相反，是人员、物料和设备向“产品”移动，而不是相反。产品的特点决定了这种布置，大的重量、尺寸、体积、以及其他因素致使产品或对象不适宜或极其难以移动，而必须采用这种布置方式。,JobShopLayout,EmergencyRoomLayout,RepetitiveLayout,StepsinDevelopingaProcess-OrientedLayout,Constructa“from-tomatrix”DeterminespacerequirementsforeachdepartmentDevelopaninitialschematicdiagramDeterminethecostofthislayoutBytrial-and-error(ormoresophisticatedmeans),trytoimprovetheinitiallayoutPrepareadetailedplanthatevaluatesfactorsinadditiontotransportationcost,CostofProcess-OrientedLayout,面向工艺布置，按已设计的工艺流程，根据工艺性质的不同，划分出若干个生产单位，然后确定各生产单位的相对空间位置。主要问题：确定各生产单位的相对位置，使其相互之间的总运输量或费用最小，即,InterdepartmentalFlowofParts:from-tomatrix,PossibleLayout1,InterdepartmentalFlowGraphShowingNumberofWeeklyLoads,1,100,50,30,10,20,50,20,100,50,2,3,4,5,6,C=(50+200+40)+(30+50+10)+(40+100)+(50)=$570,PossibleLayout2,InterdepartmentalFlowGraphShowingNumberofWeeklyLoads,2,100,50,30,10,20,50,20,100,50,1,3,4,5,6,C=(50+100+20)+(60+50+10)+(40+100)+(50)=$480,ComputerProgramstoAssistinLayout,CRAFTSPACECRAFTCRAFT3-DMULTIPLECORELAPALDEPCOFADFADES-expertsystem,RelationshipChart,A=AbsolutelynecessaryE=EspeciallyimportantI=ImportantO=OrdinaryU=UnimportantX=NotDesirable,Product-OrientedRequirements,StandardizedproductHighproductionvolumeStableproductionquantitiesUniformqualityofrawmaterials&components,Product-OrientedLayoutTypes,AssemblesfabricatedpartsUsesworkstationRepetitiveprocessPacedbytasksBalancedbymovingtasks,BuildscomponentsUsesseriesofmachinesRepetitiveprocessMachinepacedBalancedbyphysicalredesign,FabricationLine,AssemblyLine,AssemblyLineBalancing,AnalysisofproductionlinesNearlyequallydividesworkbetweenworkstationswhilemeetingrequiredoutputObjectivesMaximizeefficiencyMinimizenumberofworkstations,AssemblyLineBalancingSteps,1.Determinetasks(operations)2.Determinesequence3.Drawprecedencediagram4.Estimatetasktimes5.Calculatecycletime6.Assigntasks7.Calculatenumberofworkstations8.Calculateefficiency,AssemblyLineBalancingEquations,可行的作业分配,分配给每个工作地的作业，必须：（1）满足作业之间的优先(precedence)关系；（2）分配给每个工作地的作业的时间之和必须不大于周期时间。,LayoutHeuristicsforAssigningTasksinAssemblyLineBalancing,Longesttasktime-choosetaskwithlongestoperationtimeMostfollowingtasks-choosetaskwithlargestnumberoffollowingtasksRankedpositionalweight-choosetaskwherethesumofthetimesforeachfollowingtaskislongestShortesttasktime-choosetaskwithshortestoperationtimeLeastnumberoffollowingtasks-choosetaskwithfewests