跨文化交际(全套课件266P)程胡超版

InterculturalCommunication,跨文化交际实用教程,APracticalCoursebook,CultureisaBridge.,Unit1AnIntroduction,3,I.WhytakeInterculturalCommunication?,Discussion,2012-2-16,1.Warm-upCase,Pleasediscussthecaseingroupsandmakeacommentonit.ACase:ShowingConcernInChina:XiaoLi(aninterpreter):Youmustbeverytired.YoureoldCatherine(anelderlyAmericanlady):Oh,ImNOTold,andImNOTtired.,4,2012-2-16,Comment,WhattheinterpretersaidisquitecourteousinChina.Itmeans,“Ifyouaretired,wecantakealittlerest,sinceyouaregettingoninyears.”Theinterpretergavetheimpressionthathethoughttheelderlyladywouldcollapseanyminuteifshedoesntrestimmediately.,5,2012-2-16,Comment,IntheWest,thereisavalueplacedinbeingyoungthatmanypeopleconsciously,orsubconsciously,arenotwillingtoacceptthattheyaregrowingold.,6,2012-2-16,ThewesternwayofshowingconcernisgenerallydifferentfromtheChineseway.,InChina:XiaoLi(aninterpreter):Youmustbeverytired.YoureoldCatherine(anelderlyAmericanlady):Oh,ImNOTold,andImNOTtired.TheChinesewayofshowingconcernisusuallyexpressedbystatement.IntheWest:A:Howareyoudoingnow?Wouldyouliketorest?B:No,notabit.Thewesternwayofshowingconcernismainlydisplayedwithquestion.,7,2012-2-16,Comment,Thiscaseclearlyshowsthattranslationisaninterculturalcommunication,whichrequiresthetranslator/interpretertopossessbothEnglishculturalknowledgeandlanguagecompetence.,8,2012-2-16,9,2.DifferentattitudestowardsthesameobjectWhenonecoinwaslost,Englishman:Notsurprised,shruggedhisshoulders,goingaway,withoutbeingtroubledbynothing.,Americanman:Calledapoliceman,gavehimhistelephonenumber,leftwithachewingguminhismouth.,2012-2-16,10,Germanman:Madeamarkwithin100mitersontheground,lookingforthelostcoinwithamagnifyingglass.,Japaneseman:feltsorryforhisowncarelessness,stillblamedhimathome,swearingnottomakesuchasillymistakeagain.,2012-2-16,11,AgriculturalCulture:worshipland,loveland,dependuponland,stayingatpointwithmoving,NomadicCulture:worshipnature,lovenature,dependuponnature,movingfromoneplacetoanother,notfixedatonepoint.,BusinessCulture:readytomovefartherandfarther,makingmoreprofitsforshowingthevalueoflife.,3.Peopleareculturallydifferent,2012-2-16,12,Ifonly100peopleleftintheglobalvillage,1.17speakChinese2.9speakEnglish3.8speakDard4.6speakSpanish5.6speakRussian6.4speakArabic.7.50speakBengaliBangladesh,JapaneseorFrench.,2012-2-16,13,4.Peoplearereligiouslydifferent,Christianity.About21.4billionChristiansintheworld.Bible.Forphilanthropyandequalforeverybody.,Islam.Meaningbeingobedient;Muslimsarethosewhoareobedient.Quran.,Buddhism.AreyouaBuddhist?Buddhistsaretaughttoliveforkindnessratherthanevils.,2012-2-16,14,Ifonly100peopleleftintheglobalvillage,33Christians18Moslems14Hindus16noreligion6Buddhists13differentreligions,2012-2-16,15,5.Peopleareideologicallydifferent,ChinesepeopleandAsiansareabitmodest,liveforharmony,tryingtoavoidfacetofaceconflict.Beingcollectivist.,Westernersarebeingindividualist,beingequalanddifferent.Itisnoneofmybusiness.,2012-2-16,16,6.Peopleareraciallydifferent,WeareHoposapiens.Generally,thepeopleintheworldareclassifiedintofourmajorraces,thoughnotuniversallyaccepted.White/Caucasian;Mongoloid/Asian;Negroid/Black;Australoid/Brown,2012-2-16,17,Ifonly100peopleleftintheglobalvillage,61Asians12Europeans8NorthAmericans5SouthAmericans13Africans1Australasian,2012-2-16,18,Peoplearedifferentthroughouttheworld,culturally,religiously,ideologicallyandracially,actuallydifferentinalmosteveryaspect,thereforewearesupposedtoknowabouttheirdifferencesasmuchaspossible,justforasmoothcommunicationamongtheHomosapiens,thepeopleintheglobalvillage.YouwillmakeitbycomingtoInterculturalCommunication.,WhytakeInterculturalCommunication?,2012-2-16,19,ThePurpose,Thegeneralpurposeofthiscourseistounderstandthewaysinwhichcultureinterrelateswithandeffectscommunicationprocesses.Interculturallearninginvolvesaffectiveandbehavioralprocesses,aswellascognitiveones.Throughoutthiscourse,youwillhavetheopportunitytogainknowledge,skillsandattitudesthatwillincreaseyourinterculturalcommunicationcompetence.,2012-2-16,20,TheObjectives1)Toexploreculturalself-awareness,othercultureawarenessandthedynamicsthatariseininteractionsbetweenthetwo.2)Tounderstandhowcommunicationprocessesdifferamongcultures.3)Toidentifychallengesthatarisefromthesedifferencesininterculturalinteractionsandlearnwaystocreativelyaddressthem.4)Toacquireknowledgeanddevelopskillsthatincreaseinterculturalcompetence.5)TohaveanunderstandingofthemeaningoftheculturesunderstoodbythewesternersandtheeasternersortheChineseandAmericans.,2012-2-16,21,TheReasons,1)DevelopmentofSciencebeingindependentandlookafterthemselves.Parentsneverinterferewiththeirchildrenaffairswhentheyareoldenough.,Family,2012-2-16,75,Oldseparated,Youngindependent,2012-2-16,76,Washingtonlefthisofficeandremainedonhisfarmtillhisdeath,refusingtogobackfrequentlytoWhiteHouseforadvice.Thecountyneedsthecivilofficersratherthanthemilitaryofficerwhenitisinpeace.,WashingtonandhisCountry,2012-2-16,77,Eastern:extended(relativesincluded),agedstaywithfamily,theoldarerespected,childrenstayuntilmarried;childrencanneverbecompletelyindependentandarechildrenwiththeirparentsaround.,2012-2-16,78,Aphotoofafarmfamily,AphotoofBaJinsFamily,2012-2-16,79,western:performanceoriented,littlerotememory,abilitytosolveproblems;practicalcompetenceofrunningabusinessismoreimportant.,Education,2012-2-16,80,Eastern:experienceoriented,muchmemorization,themoreexperiencedyouare,themorepopularyouwillbe;youwillberegardedwell-educatedifyoucanrecitesomeancientpoems.,2012-2-16,81,In1979,oneChineseeducationaldelegationwenttotheUnitedStatesandoneUSeducationaldelegationcametoChinaandbothofthemmadeareportaftertheirvisits.,TwoEducationalReports,2012-2-16,82,TheChinesereportsaidTheAmericanstudentsweremuchself-confidentandindependent.Theirteachersencouragedthemtodosoinsteadofcorrectingthem.Thepupilsknewlimitedvocabularyandsolvedmathematicsproblemswiththeirfingers,buttheyallhadastrongdesireforgreatinventions.Inclass,studentswerefreetowalkfromseattoseat,talkingwithoutbeingcontrolled.,2012-2-16,83,TheUSstudentsinclass,2012-2-16,84,TheAmericanreportsaidThestudentssatonseatswiththeirhandsontheback.Theteachersjusttalkedandtalkedforseveralperiodshavingnotimeforwater.Thestudentshadmuchassignmentcalledhomework.Thosewhohadthehighestscorewouldbeprizedas“ThreeGoodStudents”withcertificates.,2012-2-16,85,TheChinesestudentsinclass,2012-2-16,86,Western:,timeorientedrelationships(work,freetime),makeanappointmentbeforeyougotoseeanyone,noappointment,nobusiness.Lawsuperiortofriendshipandkinsfolk.,AttitudesandIdeas,Eastern:personorientedrelationships(hospitality),friendshipiseverything,superiortolaw,2012-2-16,87,Colors,Notwolanguagesareeversufficientlysimilartobeconsideredasreprintingthesamesocialreality.Theworldsinwhichdifferentsocietieslivearedistinctworlds,notmerelythesameworldwithdifferentlabelsattached.,2012-2-16,88,Aweddingceremony,2012-2-16,89,AWeddingCeremony,Afuneral,2012-2-16,90,Redpaperbagcontainingmoneyasagift,2012-2-16,91,Theredcarpet:layouttheredcarpet,2012-2-16,92,Aredcardfortheirmarriage;orforhishealth,2012-2-16,93,ItiseasytodiscoverthepositionorrankinaconversationortalkinChina,astheyseldomusethenamesonly,usuallywithatitle.Onthecontrary,thewesternershavethehabitofusingnamesforteachers,withinafamily,inanoffice.,2012-2-16,94,Twodifficultieswemayhavewhenwetranslatemeaningofconceptsfromonelanguagetoanother.Differentlanguagesorganizetheexperienceintheirownway.,Languages,2012-2-16,95,Heismybrother.,2012-2-16,96,Hewhoteachesmeonedayismyfatherforlife.,2012-2-16,97,Fivescoreyearsago,agreatAmerican,inwhosesymbolicshadowwestandsignedtheEmancipationProclamation.Onehundredyearslater,theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity.-Ihaveadream,2012-2-16,98,Adaytogetherashusbandandwifemeanstheendlessdevotiontherestofyourlife.Adayawayfromadearoneislikethreeyears.,2012-2-16,99,Travelingonthesameboatresultsfromadestinyof100yearsandamarriagecomesfromadestinyof1000years.,2012-2-16,100,GodmademarriageMarriageismadeinGodsimage,2012-2-16,VI.CaseStudy,FirstOfferSameLanguage,DifferentBehavior,2012-2-16,101,Case2FirstOffer,ACanadiancolleagueandItraveledtoGuilinwithouradmirableguideHepingLiuinveryhotweather.Sightseeingisathirstybusiness.Wedidnottrustthewater,andenjoyedexcellentbeer.WepolitelyofferedsometoHepingbutherefused.Wesaidnothinganddrankourbeer,whilepoorHepingwatched.Onanotherday,Hepingquicklyacceptedourofferofbeer.QuestionsfordiscussionInyourdailylife,doyouoftenacceptfirstoffer?Ifyes,inwhatsituation?,102,2012-2-16,Case3SameLanguage,DifferentBehavior,(AnAmericantraveledtoEnglandandwasstayingwithafriend.Duringhisstay,theAmericandecidedtotalktotheEnglishmanaboutsomethingsthatwerebotheringhim.)American:Ifeeluncomfortablewithmanyofthepeoplehere,butImnotsurewhy.Ispeakthesamelanguage,sothereshouldntbeanyproblem.Backhome,Iusuallygetalongwithpeople.YouknowthatImveryfriendly.Englishman:Yes,thatstrue,butyourefriendlyinthewaythatAmericansarefriendly.American:ImnotsureIunderstand.Englishman:Well,forexample,atthemeetingtheothernight,youimmediatelycalledpeoplebytheirfirstnames.Wedothathere,butnotwhenwefirstmeetsomeone.,103,2012-2-16,American:Thatshowwemakepeoplefeelcomfortable.Peoplefeelfriendliertowardeachotherwhentheyusefirstnames.Englishman:Itsdifferenthere.Forexample,whenyoumetmybossyoushouldhaveusedhislastname.AlsotheressomethingelsethatyoudothatEnglishpeopledontoftendo.American:Whatsthat?Englishman:Youtouchpeopleontheshoulderquiteabit,especiallywhenyoucomplimentthem.American:IguessIveneverthoughtaboutthatbefore.IsupposethatiswhatIdoathome.,104,2012-2-16,Summary,WhytakeInterculturalCommunication?CultureCommunicationInterculturalCommunicationTheDifferencebetweenChineseandWesternCulturesCasestudy,105,2012-2-16,Exercises1.Matchingthetermswiththeirdefinitions,A.cultureB.communicationC.ethnocentrismD.interculturalcommunicationE.businesscommunication1.()Thebeliefthatyourownculturalbackground,includingwaysofanalyzingproblems,values,beliefs,language,andverbalandnonverbalcommunication,issuperior.2.()Thetotalaccumulationofbeliefs,customs,values,behaviors,institutionsandcommunicationpatternsthatareshared,learnedandpasseddownthroughthegenerationsinanidentifiablegroupofpeople.,106,2012-2-16,107,3.()Aprocessbywhichinformationisexchangedbetweenindividualsthroughacommonsystemofsymbols,signs,orbehavior,ortheexchangeofthoughts,messages,orinformation,asbyspeech,signals,writing,orbehavior.4.()Thecommunicationiswithinbusinessandadministration,aimingatacommonobjectiveandprofitsforboththeindividualsandorganizations.5.()Thecommunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentcultureswhenamemberofonecultureproducesamessageforconsumptionbyamemberofanotherculture.,2012-2-16,Exercises2.ComprehensionCheck,Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)._1.Asaphenomenon,interculturalcommunicationhasexistedforthousandsofyears.However,asadiscipline,itshistoryisonlyaboutfiftyyears._2.InterculturalCommunicationasadisciplinefirststartedinEurope._3.Cultureisastaticentitywhilecommunicationisadynamicprocess._4.Culturecanbeseenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactappropriatelyinagivenculture._5.Althoughculturalstereotypehasitslimitations(over-generalization),itstillcontributestoapersonsculturalcognition.,108,2012-2-16,109,_6.Ininterculturalcommunication,weshouldseparateonesindividualcharacterfromculturalgeneralization._7.Culturalmistakesaremoreseriousthanlinguisticmistakes.Thelinguisticmistakemeansthatsomeoneisnotfullyexpressinghisorherideawhileculturalmistakescanleadtoseriousmisunderstandingandevenill-feelingbetweenindividuals._8.Allpeopleofthesamenationalitywillhavethesameculture._9.Althoughtwoculturesmaysharethesameideas,theirmeaningandsignificancemaynotbethesame._10.Onesactionsaretotallyindependentofhisorherculture.,2012-2-16,Exercises3.CulturalPuzzles,Readthefollowingsituationsandchoosetheappropriateanswer(s).Theremaybemorethanonepossibleanswerforeachculturalpuzzle.1.Whatwouldyoudoifsomeonetoldyoutousehisorherfirstname,butyoufeltuncomfortabledoingthis?a.Youcouldcontinuetousethepersonslastnamewithoutexplainingwhy.b.Youcouldtrytousethepersonsfirstnameeventhoughyoufeeluncomfortabledoingthis.c.Youcouldasktheperson,“IsitOKifIuseyourlastname?”,110,2012-2-16,111,2.Situation:AnAmericanwomanreceivedaletterfromarecentlymarriedJapanesefriend.TheJapanesewomanwroteinherletter,“Myhusbandisnotveryhandsome.Yourhusbandismuchmorehandsomethanmine.”TheAmericanwomanwasverysurprisedatwhatherfriendwrote.1)WhydoyouthinktheAmericanwassurprised?a)TheAmericanwomansawapictureofherfriendshusbandandthoughtthathewasveryhandsome.b)TheAmericanwomandidntthinkherownhusbandwashandsome.c)IntheU.S.,itisdisrespectfultosaythatoneshusbandisnothandsome.2)WhydoyouthinktheJapanesewomanwrote,“Myhusbandisnotveryhandsome”?a)TheJapanesewomanwastryingtotellherAmericanfriendthatshedidnotlikeherhusbandverymuch.b)ItisuncommoninJapantocomplimentoneshusband.c)TheJapanesewomandidntthinkherhusbandwashandsome,butshelikedhispersonality.,2012-2-16,Assignments,CaseStudyToBeDirectorNot2.VideoWatchingGuaSha刮痧,112,2012-2-16,ThankYou!,Unit2,DailyCommunication(I),Objectives,LearnthedifferncesofaddressingpeopleandgreetingbetweenChineseandwesternculture.Learnwhatarethetopicsatthebeginningoftheconversation.Learnhowtovisitsomeoneandhowtoleave.,CONTENTS,I.Warm-upcasesII.DetailedStudy:AddressingPeopleGreetingsInitiatingConversationsVisitingSomeonePartingsIII.CaseStudyIV.SummaryV.Assignments,Case1.Twelvecupsoftea,I.Warm-upcases,Question2:Howcouldyouhelp“I”inthiscaseoutoftheawkwardsituation?,Question1:WhydidIhave12cupsoftea?,Case2.Haveyouhadyourlunch?/Whereareyougoing?,Chinese,Westerners,normal,Agreeting,offended,Aninvasionofprivacy,II.DetailedStudy,1.AddressingPeople,DiscussthediffernecesinaddressingpeoplebetweenEnglishandChinesecultures,Decidethefollowingaddressesarerightornot.,HeXianguAndrewLewis,Howtoaddresspeople?,AcquaintanceMr.Ms.orMrs.+surnameVIPTitle+fullname/surnameAmbassador大使Doctor博士Duke公MarquisorMarquess侯CountorEarl伯Viscount子Baron男StrangerMr.Madam(onlyusethewordSirifheismucholderthanyouoryoudontknowhissurnamebutheisaVIP)YoungpeopleYoungmanYoungLadyKid(s)YoungMaster(小王子),Summaryofaddressingpeople,Howtoexpressfu+title?,vice,professor,deputy,assistant,associate,director,president,manager,Pleasematchthefollowingtwogroups.,Tips:,行政头衔以“副”字的表示副职的行政职务头衔，可用vice、deputy表达。在实际使用时究竟选用哪个，纯属搭配习惯。一般来说，vice与president、premier、chairman、minister、governor搭配；deputy与director、chief、head、secretary、dean、mayor搭配。似乎可以认为，Vice比Deputy的搭配级别要高。学术头衔学术头衔的“副”职称，常用associate表示。如：副教授associateprofessor副研究员associateresearchfellow副审判长associatejudge副主任医师associatedoctor,2.Greetings,Goodmorning/afternoon/evening.Howareyou?Howarethingsgoing?Howareyougettingon?Howarethings(withyou)?Howseverything?Howslife?Hello.Hey./Hi.,Westernexpressions,Whereareyougoing?你上哪去？Wherehaveyoubeen?你去哪里啦？Haveyouhadyourmeal?吃过了吗？,Chineseexpressions,Itsnoneofyourbusiness.,3.InitiatingConversationsandConversationTopic,AgeMoney/SalaryHealthFamily,Whattopicsshouldbeavoidedininitiatingconversation?,Conversationtopics,HobbiesHolidaysTheweatherAlocalornationaleventJobsFilms/books,4.VisitingSomeone,Businessvisiting:arrangeatimeinadvancesomestraighttothepointSocialvisiting:moreflexibleImcomingtoseeyouthisafternoon.,Ihaventseenyouforalongtime.IwaswonderingwhetherIcouldcomeroundtovisityousometime.Idliketocomeandseeyousometime.Wouldyoubefreeoneafternoonnextweek?Mr.ZhangandIwouldliketocomeandvisityou.WoulditbeconvenientforustocomeWednesdayevening?,Somesuitableexpressions:,AdvancenoticeTakeofftheout-doorclothingimmediately,ifnot,theywouldconsideryoustayonlyafewminutes.FinisheatingFood-offeringdifferences,Thingstobeminded,Vediowatching,Watchthevedioandgiveyourcomment.,5.Partings,Question:WhatarethedifferencesinpartingbetweenChineseandEnglishcultures?,Thedifferences:,Westerners:AcoupleofminutessmalltalkWell,itsbeenlovelytoseeyouagain,butImustbegoingsoon.IhopewellbeabletogettogetheragainbeforelongThankyouforalovelyevening.Imustnotholdyouanylonger.Chinese:abruptleaving-takingImleavingnow.,III.Casestudy,Case3.LiHongzhangsembarrassment,Case4.DifferentAttitudesTowardaFlyinaBeer,Case5.BorrowMoneyashoulderpole一本书-abook知识分子-intellectual社会科学-socialscience?/thehumanities?,CanyoufindtheequivalentwordsinEnglishfortheseChinesewords?,Interpretations,龙-inCC,itisatotemwithmanyroyalassociations,龙颜，龙床，龙袍，龙心大喜。InEC,dragonreferstohorrible,disgustingmonsters.,知识分子,InCC,itreferstopeopleincludingcollegeteachers,collegestudents,middleschoolteachers,andsuchpeopleasmedicaldoctors,engineers,interpreters.InEC,itreferstopeopleofhighacademicstatus(collegeprofessors)muchsmallerrangeofpeople.notalwaysacomplimentaryterm,sometimesusedinderogatorysense.,干部,-asmallgroupofpeoplewhoarespeciallychosenandtrainedforaparticularpurpose.骨干队伍-amemberofthiskindofgroup.干部InEC,manypeopledontknowwhatitmeans.(notacommonword)Someothersubstitutes:official,functionary,administrator,etc.ButnoneofthesegetsexactsamemeaningasChineseword“干部”.,社会科学,SocialSciencesinChinesecoversallthefieldsexcepttheonesinthenaturalscienceandappliedsciences.Sameas“thehumanities”inEnglish.WhileinEnglish,“socialsciences”coverasmallerareaoflearning.Itincludespoliticalscience,economics,history(oftenclassifiedunderthehumanities)andsociology.-thebranchesoflearningthatstudyhumansociety,especiallyitsorganizationandrelationshipofindividualmemberstoit.,Birdsandanimals/maleorfemale,Generictermmalefemaletheyoungchickencock/roosterhenchickduckdrakeduckducklinggoosegandergoosegoslinghorsestallionmarefoalcattle/cowbullcowcalfdogdogbitchpuppysheepramewelambdeerstagdoefawnpigboarsowshoat,bull,cow,cockorhen,male,female,she,Notallanimalsorbirdshavespecificnamesthatdenotedifferentsex.bull,cow,cockorhenarefrequentlyusedtodistinguishsex.bullseal,cocksparrow,hensparrowmale,female,shealsoacceptablemaleleopard,femalepanda,shewolf,副,副主席vice-chairman副教授associateprofessor副主任deputydirector副秘书长assistantsecretary副州长lieutenantgovernor副国务卿undersecretary,Summary,Aterminonelanguagedoesnotnecessarilyhaveacounterp