大学英语综合教程第五册第五单元 ppt.ppt

TextAGrantandLee,Unit5TheAmericanCivilWar,0914711张耀坤,GrantandLee1.WhenUlyssesS.GrantandRobertE.LeemetintheparlorofamodesthouseatAppomattoxCourtHouse，Virginia，onApril9，1865，toworkoutthetermsforthesurrenderofLeesArmyofNorthernVirginia，agreatchapterinAmericanlifecametoacloseandagreatnewchapterbegan.2.ThesemenwerebringingtheCivilWartoitsvirtualfinish.Tobesure，otherarmieshadyettosurrender，andforafewdaysthefugitiveConfederategovernmentwouldstruggledesperatelyandvainly，tryingtofindsomewaytogoonlivingnowthatitschiefsupportwasgone.ButineffectitwasalloverwhenGrantandLeesignedthepapers.Andthelittleroomwheretheywroteoutthetermswasthesceneofoneofthepoignant（强烈的），dramaticcontrastsinAmericanhistory.,3.Theyweretwostrongmen，theseoddly（奇妙地）differentgenerals，andtheyrepresentedthestrengthsoftwoconflictingcurrentsthat，throughthem，hadcomeintofinalcollision（碰撞）.4.BackofRobertE.Leewasthenotionthattheoldaristocratic（贵族的）conceptmightsomehowsurviveandbedominantinAmericanlife.5.LeewastidewaterVirginia，andinhisbackgroundwerefamily，culture，andtraditiontheageofchivalry（骑士品质）transplantedtoaNewWorldwhichwasmakingitsownlegendsanditsownmyths.Heembodied（体现）awayoflifethathadcomedownthroughtheageofknighthood（骑士）andtheEnglishcountrysquire（乡绅）.Americawasalandthatwasbeginningalloveragain，dedicatedtonothingmuchmorecomplicatedthantheratherhazy（模糊的）beliefthatallmenhadequalrights，andshouldhaveanequalchanceintheworld.,InsuchalandLeestoodforthefeelingthatitwassomehowofadvantagetohumansocietytohaveapronouncedinequalityinthesocialstructure.Thereshouldbealeisure（有闲阶层）class，backedbyownershipofland；inturn，societyitselfshouldbekeyed（使适应）tothelandasthechiefsourceofwealthandinfluence.Itwouldbringforth（accordingtothisideal）aclassofmenwithastrongsenseofobligation（责任）tothecommunity；menwholivednottogainadvantageforthemselves，buttomeetthesolemn（郑重的）obligationswhichhadbeenlaidonthembytheveryfactthattheywereprivileged（被给予特权）.Fromthemthecountrywouldgetitsleadership；tothemitcouldlookforthehighervaluesofthought，ofconduct，ofpersonaldeportment（举止）togiveitstrengthandvirtue.6.Leeembodiedthenoblestelementsofthisaristocraticideal.Throughhim，thelandednobilityjustifieditself.,Forfouryears，theSouthernstateshadfoughtadesperatewartoupholdtheidealsforwhichLeestood.Intheend，italmostseemedasiftheConfederacyfoughtforLee；asifhehimselfwastheConfederacythebestthingthatthewayoflifeforwhichtheConfederacystoodcouldeverhavetooffer.HehadpassedintolegendbeforeAppomattox.Thousandsoftired，underfed（使吃不饱），poorlyclothedConfederatesoldiers，longsincepastthesimpleenthusiasmoftheearlydaysofthestruggle，somehowconsideredLeethesymbolofeverythingforwhichtheyhadbeenwillingtodie.Buttheycouldnotquiteputthisfeelingintowords.IftheLostCause，sanctified（使神圣化）bysomuchheroism（英雄气概）andsomanydeaths，hadalivingjustification，itsjustificationwasGeneralLee.7.Grant，thesonofatanner（制革工人）ontheWesternfrontier，waseverythingLeewasnot.,Hehadcomeupthehardway（极其艰巨地），andembodiednothinginparticularexcepttheeternal（永远的）toughness（坚韧）andsinewy（强壮的）fiberofthemenwhogrewupbeyondthemountains.Hewasoneofabodyofmenwhoowedreverence（崇敬）andobeisance（顺从）tonoone，whowereself-relianttoafault（过分地），whocaredhardlyanythingforthepastbutwhohadasharpeyeforthefuture.8.Thesefrontier（边疆）menwerethepreciseoppositesofthetidewateraristocrats.Backoftheminthegreatsurge（涌动）thathadtakenpeopleovertheAllegheniesandintotheopeningWesterncountry，therewasadeep，implicit（不言明的）dissatisfactionwithapastthathadsettledintogrooves（陈规）.Theystoodfordemocracy，notfromanyreasonedconclusionabouttheproperorderingofhumansociety，butsimplybecausetheyhadgrownupinthemiddleofdemocracyandknewhowitworked.,Theirsocietymighthaveprivileges，buttheywouldbeprivilegeseachmanhadwonforhimself.Formsandpatternsmeantnothing.Nomanwasborntoanything，exceptperhapstoachancetoshowhowfarhecouldrise.Lifewascompetition.Yetalongwiththisfeelinghadcomeadeepsenseofbelongingtoanationalcommunity.TheWesternerwhodevelopedafarm,openedashop,orsetupinbusinessasatrader,couldhopetoprosperonlyashisowncommunityprosperedandhiscommunityranfromtheAtlantictothePacificandfromCanadadowntoMexico.Ifthelandwassettled，withtownsandhighwaysandaccessiblemarkets，hecouldbetterhimself.Hesawhisfateintermsofthenationsowndestiny.Asitshorizonsexpanded，sodidhis.Hehad，inotherwords，anacutedollars-and-cents（纯金钱的）stakeinthecontinuedgrowthanddevelopmentofhiscountry.,10.Andthat，perhaps，iswherethecontrastbetweenGrantandLeebecomesmoststriking.TheVirginiaaristocrat，inevitably，sawhimselfinrelationtohisownregion.Helivedinastaticsocietywhichcouldendurealmostanythingexceptchange.Instinctively（出于天性），hisfirstloyaltywouldgotothelocalityinwhichthatsocietyexisted.Hewouldfighttothelimitofendurancetodefendit，becauseindefendingithewasdefendingeverythingthatgavehisownlifeitsdeepestmeaning.11.TheWesterner，ontheotherhand，wouldfightwithanequaltenacity（坚持不懈）forthebroaderconceptofsociety.Hefoughtsobecauseeverythinghelivedbywastiedtogrowth，expansion，andaconstantlywideninghorizon.Whathelivedbywouldsurviveorfallwiththenationitself.Hecouldnotpossiblystandby（袖手旁观）unmovedinthefaceofanattempttodestroytheUnion.Hewouldcombatitwitheverythinghehad，becausehecouldonlyseeitasanefforttocutthegroundoutfromunderhisfeet.,12.SoGrantandLeewereincompletecontrast，representingtwodiametrically（完全地）opposedelementsinAmericanlife.Grantwasthemodernmanemerging；beyondhim，readytocomeonthestage，wasthegreatageofsteelandmachinery，ofcrowdedcitiesandarestless，burgeoning（迅速成长）vitality（生命力）.Leemighthaveriddendownfromtheoldageofchivalry，lance（长矛）inhand，silkenbannerflutteringoverhishead.Eachmanwastheperfectchampionofhiscause，drawingbothhisstrengthsandhisweaknessesfromthepeopleheled.13.Yetitwasnotallcontrast，afterall.Differentastheywereinbackground，inpersonality，inunderlying（潜在的）aspiration（抱负）thesetwogreatsoldiershadmuchincommon.Undereverythingelse，theyweremarvelous（了不起的）fighters.Furthermore，theirfightingqualitieswerereallyverymuchalike.,14.Eachmanhad，tobeginwith，thegreatvirtueofutter（完全的）tenacity（不屈不挠）andfidelity（忠实）.GrantfoughthiswaydowntheMississippiValleyinspiteofacutepersonaldiscouragement（泄气）andprofoundmilitaryhandicaps.Leehungoninthetrenches（战壕）atPetersburgafterhopeitselfhaddied.Ineachmantherewasanindomitablequalitythebornfightersrefusal（拒绝）togiveupaslongashecanstillremainonhisfeetandlifthistwofists.15.Daringandresourcefulness（足智多谋）theyhad，too；theabilitytothinkfasterandmovefasterthantheenemy，thesewerethequalitieswhichgaveLeethedazzlingcampaignsofSecondManassasandChancellorsvilleandwonVicksburgforGrant.16.Lastly，andperhapsgreatestofall，therewastheability，attheend，toturnquicklyfromwartopeaceoncethefightingwasover.,OutofthewaythesetwomenbehavedatAppomattoxcamethepossibilityofapeaceofreconciliation（和解）。ItwasapossibilityahimmorethanthepartheplayedintheirbriefmeetingintheMcLeanhouseatAppomattox.TheirbehaviorthereputallsucceedinggenerationsofAmericansintheirdebt.TwogreatAmericans，GrantandLeeverydifferent，yetundereverythingverymuchalike.TheirencounteratAppomattoxwasoneofthegreatmomentsofAmericanhistory.,