非谓语动词高考总结

非谓语动词,-高东东,非谓语动词的种类：1.不定式（todo）2.动名词（doing）3.分词现在分词(doing)过去分词（done),种类与作用,作主语,1不定式作主语：1)changethefollowingintotheinfinitive1._(die)forpeopleisagloriousthing.2._(talk)withhimisagreatpleasure.3._(help)othersisourduty.4._(see)istobelieve.5._(sit)atthebackoftheclassroommadethestudentssurprised.2)changethesentencesaboveintotheonesusing“it”asformsubject.,3)A:如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个由for引起的短语。Itiseasyforthestudentstoread.Itwillbeamistakeforustohelpyou.,B:下列形容词作表语时，不定式前常加一个of引起的短语，这些形容词是：(表评价性的，来说明逻辑主语的性质，特征，属性）kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,stupid,foolish,wrong,right,careless,rude,polite,naughtyetc.Itskindofyoutothinksomuchofus.Itsunwiseofhimtoleavehomeatonce.Itswrongofhimtospeakbadbehindothers.ItswrongofthesouthtobreakawayfromtheUnion.,动名词动名词作主语A)1._(die)forpeopleisagloriousthing.2._(talk)withhimisagreatpleasure.3._(help)othersisourduty.4._(see)isbelieving.5._(sit)atthebackoftheclassroommadethestudentssurprised.,It作形式主语时，可用动词不定式，但下列句型常用动名词：Itis+nogood(nouse,fun,awasteoftime)+doingThereisno+doing.如：1.Itsnouse_(sit)herewaiting.2.Thereisno_(say)whatwillhappennext.3.Isitanygood_(tell)himthetruth?4.Itisgreatfun_(play)golf.,不定式与动名词作主语的区别：不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主语时经常表示抽象动作：Itsnogoodeatingtoomuchfat.Itsnotgoodforyoutoeatsomuchfat.关于逻辑主语的问题动名词复合结构的一般规则是：1.逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，须用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词；作宾语时，也可用普通格或人称代词宾格。Toms(His)comingiswhatwehaveexpe2.逻辑主语是无生命的名词：IsthereanyhopeofourteamwinningthematchShedidntmindJack/Jacks(him/his)cominghere.1._tothemeetingsurprisedalloftheboards.A.MikecomingB.MikecameC.MikecomesD.Mikescoming2.Itsnouse_thatyoudidntknowtherules.A.youpretendB.youpretendingC.yourpretendingD.yourpretendChangethefollowingintothesimplesentences.ThatPeterdidntattendthemeetingmadeitputoff.,作表语,1.动名词作表语1.Herworkis_(look)afterthechildren.2.Myaimis_(go)toTsingHuaUniversity.3.Oneofmybadhabitsis_(bite)nails（指甲）.动名词作表语与主语是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语常是无生命名词或what引导的名词性从句。,2.不定式作表语1.Herworkis_(look)afterthechildren.2.Myaimis_(go)toTsingHuaUniversity.3.Sheseemed_(think)abouttheproblem.4.Theyappeared_(agree)withwhatwesaid.不定式作be动词的表语时可以和主语部分调换，说明主语的内容。,3.分词与动名词作表语时：.1.Thenewsisencouraging.（表主语的性质，特征）Theglassisbroken.(表主语所在的状态）2.Theglassisbroken.TheglasswasbrokenbyTom.（被动语态）1.Ourplanis_(finish)thetaskbeforeMay.2.Tomsjobwas_(guard)thefactory.3.Hislectureis_(interest),whichmadeus_(interest).4.Thesituationis_(encourage).5.Thelibraryis_(close)now.6.Ifyouarebadly_(hurt),youshouldnttrytostandup,C,该题考查分词作表语的用法。“topaysb.bythehour”计时给某人报酬。此题被动结构作表语。类似的有：getburnt,gethurt,getwounded.,作宾语,1不定式作宾语：A有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语。常见的动词有：want,demand,hope,wish,expect;like,hate;start,begin;fail,help,offer,try,manage,pretend,forget,remember,promise,prepare,learn,agree,plan,determine,prefer,intend,etc.1.Theywanted_(get)onthebus,didntthey?2.Hesaidhewished_(be)aprofessor.3.Iagreed_(go)therewiththedoctor.4.Mydaughterpreferred_(dance)whenshewasinhertwenties.5.Hehadpromised_(give)meahand.,如作宾语的不定式有自己的补语，须用先行词it作formobject，而将真正的宾语不定式后置。think,find,feel,consider,makeHefounditimportanttostudyRussian.Thecomputermakesitpossibletocalculatefaster.定式一般不能作介词的宾语，只有在极少数介词如：but,except等后才行，此时不定式可带to或不带to。Heseldomcomesexcepttolookatmypictures.Wehavenochoicebuttowaitoutside.Theycoulddonothingbutaskfor,B动词不定式的结构（一般做宾语有这种形式）,不定式的时态与语态：,1）一般式：不定式表示的动作常与谓语的动作同时（或几乎同时）发生，或在它之后发生。Isawhimgoout.Iplantoattendthemeetingtobeheldtomorrow.2）进行式：不定式表示的动作正在进行。Imverygladtobeworkingwithyou.3）完成式：不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前。Imsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Thearticleissaidtohavebeenreadbymanypeople.,Iwouldlove_tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.A.togoB.havinggoneC.goingD.tohavegone,-LiMingissaid_abroad.Doyouknowwhatcountryhestudiedin?hewillstudyin?hestudiesin?-Yes,InLondon.A.tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudyingDoletyourmotherknowthetruth.Sheappears_everythingA.TotellB.tobetoldCtohavebeentoldDtohavetold1.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper_inbroaddaylightyesterday.(2001.1)a.robbedb.tohavebeenrobbedc.beingrobbedd.havingbeenrobbed,该题考查疑问+不定式在句中做宾语的用法。英语中有一些动词后可以跟一个疑问词的不定式做宾语，如：,tell,discuss,know,show,learn,decide,wonder,explain,B,因为主语是thepurpose，在（purpose,wish,promise,plan）后常跟不定式，古表语要用不定式，to不能省略，因此构成thepurposeistonottodo句型，故选B。,C,该题考查不定式的否定式作主补。要注意warn后跟词方式，warnsb.nottodosth.warnsb.againstdoingsth.该题应该用结构。两外，not应放在to之前。,在大多数的动词可接不定式短语做宾补，只有少数动词（五个看see,watch,notice,observe,lookat；三使役make,let,have;二听listento,hear等）须接不带to的不定式做宾补。,2动名词作宾语Amind,miss,excuse,enjoy,escapeconsider,admit(承认)，advise,appreciate=enjoy,avoid,finish,face,practise,suggest,stop,delay,imagine,include,keep,quit,resist,risk,understand,beusedto,lookforwardto,objectto,payattentionto,etc.以及介词后接动名词doinggiveup,insiston,lookforwardto,itis(no)good(use,harm),objectto（反对），getdownto,devoteoneselfto,spenddoing,prevent(from),wastedoing,have(no)difficulty(in)doing,stickto,keepfrom,stopfrom,1.Hewasinlowspiritsandevenconsidered_(go)away.2.Practise_(put)yourhandtotheground.3.Icanthelp_(have)thetriptoBritain.4.Donttellmeyoualwaysescape_(fine)becauseyouhaveafastsportscar.5.Leaveoff_(bite)yournails!6.Hedidntfeellike_(work),sohesuggested_(spend)thedayinthegarden.7.Youcertainlymustntmiss_(see)thewonderfulfilm.8.Thedoctoradvised_(stay)longerinhospital.9.Icouldntimaginethat_(be)possible.10.Weappreciateyour_(want)_(help)usinourdifficulties.11.Wecantstand_(pooh-pooh)everynewidea.12.Michaelhasdelayed_(write)tohertilltoday.13.Thelawforbids_(sell)liquortochildren.14.Theyallsuggested_(give)morechances.15.Canyouimagine_(leave)standingoutsideforawholenight.16.Theybuiltthebankstopreventtheareafrom_(flood).17.Womendomind_(smoke)bymen.,动名词与不定式作宾语的不同含义：1)beafraidtodo不敢、害怕、胆怯去做某事beafraidofdoing担心、恐怕出现Shewasafraid_(wake)herhusbandup,forhehadbadtemper.Shewasafraid_(wake)herhusband,forhewasill.2)forgettodosth.忘记去做某事（未做）forgetdoingsth.忘记做过了某事（已做）Thelightintheofficeisoff.Itwasshewhoturneditoff,butsheherselfforgot_(turn)itoff.Thelightintheofficeisstillon.Sheforgot_(turn)itoff.,3)remembertodosth.记着去做某事（未做）rememberdoingsth.记着做了某事（已做）Doyouremember_(meet)meatapartylastyear?Youmustremember_(leave)tomorrow.4)stoptodosth.Goontodosthstopdoingsth.Goondoingsth5)regrettodosth.遗憾地说/告诉regretdoingsth.后悔做了Iregret_(go)tohishometown.Iregret_(tell)youthetruth6)trytodosth.trydoingsth.Youmusttry_(do)itagain.Letstry_(do)theworkinsomeotherway.,7)meantodosth.meandoingsth.Ifitmeans_(delay)morethanaweek,Illnotwait.Imean_(go),andnothingcanstopme.8)canthelpdoingsth.情不自禁，不禁canthelp(to)dosth.不能帮忙做10）permit/allow/advise+doingsth.+sb.todosth.11）start/begin/continue/like/love/hate+todosth.+doingsth.,11)Start,begin:可接不定式可接动名词，意义相等。但下列情况只可接不定式.1.主语是人不是物。2.本身是进行时.3.其后的动词是表示心理状况的词.understand,realize,know,seeetc.1.Theicebegantomeltwhenthesuncomesout.2.Iwasbeginningtobeangry.3.Ibegantounderstandwhathesaid.,12）S.+wanttodosth.S.+wantsb.todosth./wantsth.tobedoneS.+want+doing/tobedone13）S.+need+todosth.S.+need+doing/tobedone14）S.+requiresb.todosth./requiresth.tobedoneS.+require+doing/tobedone15）S.+isworth+doing动名词在句中是主动的形式，但含有被动的意思。,B动名词的形式动名词主动形式被动形式一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingmadehavingbeenmade,动名词的时态和语态1）动名词的时态：一般式和完成式如G.的动作没明确表示出时间是与谓语同时发生或在谓语之前发生，用一般式。Weareinterestedin_(play)chess.如G.的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用完成式。Imsorryfornot_(keep)mypromise.但在某些词后，常用一般式，尽管其动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生。Onhearingthebadnews,shecried.Illneverforgetseeingthatfilmforthefirsttime.,2）动名词的语态doingbeingdonehavingdonehavingbeendoneHewasafraidof_(leave)athome.Thehouseshowednosignof_(damage).但有些动名词在句中是主动形式，却有被动含义Thehouserequires/needs/wantsrepairing.Thebookisworthreading.,作宾补,1.不定式作宾补可接不定式做宾补的词：Permit,request,allow,command,tell,invite,cause,encourage,warn,advise,persuade,force,order,remind,teach.,接不定式既做宾语又做宾补的词:.ask,beg,like,help,promise,wish,want,expect.,1.Ididntwantmyparents_(help)me.2.Wedpreferyou_(take)thejobinsteadofZhang.3.Theschoolrequired/orderedalltheclassroom_(clean).4.Myparentsexpectme_(go)toanidealuniversity.5.Joanpromisedthedinner_(cook)beforewereturned.6.Thedoctoradvisedthepatient_(take)twopillseveryfourhours.7.Hedeterminedme_(tell)everything.,注意让sbdosth.watch,hear,observe,notice,see+sb.+动词原形feel,listen(to),make,let,have(使),+sth.+doneNotice:1.let+sth.+bedone2.如果变成被动结构，就必须带to,2.现在分词与过去分词作宾语补足语的区别：Whomflns+sbdo(经常性动作)+sbdoingsth.（正在进行）+sthdone（被动）1.Iusedtoseetheseboys_(play)ontheplayground.2.Isawthem_(play)thecomputerthisafternoon.3.Haveyou_(heard)thissong_(sing)before?4.Shewassurprisedtofindthehouse_(break)intowhenshewentbackhome.5.Unfortunately,hegothiswallet_(steal)onthebus.6.Weareinterestedinhearinghim_(tell)usthenews.,该题考查过去分词作宾语补足语的用法。Theplan与carryout的关系是被动关系。Seesth.done这结构常见的还有watch(notice,observe,have和make)sth.done.,C,作定语,1不定式作定语Changethefollowingintoinfinitives.1.Hewasthefirstpersonthatcametotheclassroomthismorning.2.Doyouhaveanythingthatyouwanttosay?3.Herearesomebooksthatyoucanread.4.Hethoughtoutaplan_(punish)Tom.5.Heisalwaysthelast_(come)tooffice.6.Pleasegivemeaknife_(cut)with.作定语的不定式如是不及物动词，不定式后面须有相应的介词。Ineedacomfortbaleplacetolivein.（不定式和所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系）Heislookingforaroomtolivein.Ihaveameetingtoattend.,不定式作定语的几种情况,表示将来Thecartobeboughtisforsister.用来修饰被序数词，最高级，no,all,any等限定的词修饰时（不定式与所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系）Hesalwaysthefirst(one)tocometoschool.Thereisnoonetolookafterher.Heisthebestmantodothejob用来修饰抽象名词时用不定式ability,chance,diea,fact,excuse,promise,answer,reply,attempt,belief,way,reason,moment,timeIhavenochancetogosightseeing.IhavetheablitytowriteinEnglish.,2独立主格结构（所谓独立主格结构，分词的逻辑主语不是句子主语，而是有自己的逻辑主语时，叫独立主格结构。）独立主格结构的构成：名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；名词(代词)+形容词；名词(代词)+副词；名词(代词)+名词名词(代词)+不定式；名词(代词)+介词短语构成。,3.With复合结构做定语，状语,-ing-ed-adv.With+n_adj-todo-tobedone,和名词的关系为主动,和名词的关系为被动,表状态,表状态,表将来的主动,表将来的被动,1.Hesitshere,withhisfeetpointingtotheothers.2.Hesitshere,withhishandstiedtothechair.3.Theboyisplayingoutside,withhisfacered.4.Theboystaysathome,withhismotherout.5.Theteacherwalksintotheclassroom,withabookinhishand6.Hewenthome,withhishomeworktobedone.,1.Today_(be)Sunday,thelibrarydoesntopen.2.There_(be)nobuses,wehadtowalkhome3.Thetest_(finish),webeganourholiday.4.Weather_(permit),wellvisittheGreatWall.5.Thepresident_(assasianate),thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.B)6.Withhim_(give)usalead,ourteamistowin.7.Withtheworker_(lead),theYoungPioneerswentthroughtheforestandstartedtowardsthemountainvillage.8.Manypeoplespokealoudinfrontofourclassroom,withnobody_(stop)them.9.Hewaslookingatthescreenagain,withthemachine_(turn)on.10.Thegirlfeltuneasywiththewholeclass_(stare)ather.11.Nowthepatientcouldwalkwiththenurse_(support)him.,n+,-ing-ed-todo-tobedonebeingdone,主动和进行,被动和过去,将来的主动,将来的被动,正在进行的被动,作定语放在名词的前面,-ing表进行-ed表完成fallingleavesfallenleavesboilingwaterboiledwateradevelopingcountryadevelopedcountry单个分词做定语放在修饰词的前面;短语做定语放在后面.aburningstickafallenleafThegirlstandingbythedoor.ThebookwrittenbyLuXun,Theboygoingtoschoolnowismyson.Theplandiscussedyesterdayisagoodone.Theboytogotoschoolnextyearismyson.Thepantobediscussedtomorrowisagoodone.Theplantobediscussedpresentisagoodone,下列少数短语为惯用语，为固定形式。(独立成分）,Judgingfrom,generallyspeaking,honestlyspeaking,strictlyspeaking,talkingof,speakingof.Judgingfromhisaccent,heisfromthesouth.Consideringyourhealth,youhadbetteratest.Generallyspeaking,themoreexpensivethecamera,thebetteritsquality.,A,过去分词做定语与其修饰词之间是动宾关系且过去分词表示的动作以完成。现在分词作定语表示动作正在发生，与修饰词是主谓关系。不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作。所以A是正确的。firstplayedin776B.C.=whichwasfirstplayedin776B.C.,作状语,1.不定式作状语目的状语TostudyEnglishwell,wemustpractiseeveryday.,结果状语Hehurriedtoschool,onlytofindshehadleft.,原因状语Wealljumpedtohearofhissuccess.,目的状语可用inorderto或soasto来表示结果状语还可soasto,suchasto,enoughto,tooto,onlyto等结构来表示不定式的否定式，否定词Not或neverseldomhardly要放在to的前面。shecheckedthenamessoasnottomakemistakes,A)Substitution:Hegotupearlysothathecouldcatchthefirstbustothetown.Hegotupearly_catchthefirstbus.WemustworkhardatEnglishinorderthatwecancontactforeignersfreely.WemustworkhardatEnglish_contactforeignersfreely.Hewassofrightenedthathecouldhardlysayanything.Hewas_frightened_sayanything.Hewas_brave_sayanything.Hewassoyoungthathecouldnotgotoschool.Hewas_young_gotoschool.Hewasnot_gotoschool,1._(save)thebadlysicklady,thedoctorhadanoperationonher.（表目的）2.Hehurriedtothestationonly_(find)thetrainleft.（表结果）不定式在作表语/补语的形容词后面作状语，用主动形式表被动意思。Easy,difficulty,hard,comfortable,expensive,heavy,goodThisquestionisdifficult_(answer).Doyouthinkhimeasy_(work)with?Wefindthisrulehard_(remember).,不定式中作结果状语的注意点：1）某些形容词在“tooto”结构中表示肯定，这类词是：anxious,eager,glad,ready,surprised,willingShewastoosurprisedtoseehowangryherfatherwas.2）在not,never,only,all,but的“tooto”结构中，“too”的含义为“very”，不定式没有否定含义。Imonlytoogladtostayathome.Itsnevertoooldtolearn.,不定式作独立成分Totell(you)thetruth,hedoesntagreewithyou.Tobeginwith,Beijingisaverybeautifulcity.不定式与疑问词who,which,when,where,how,what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语，表语，宾语等。Hedidntknowwhattosay.Howtosolvetheproblemisimportant.Myquestioniswhentostart.,高考链接_lateinthemorning,Bobturnedoffthealarm.A.TosleepB.SleepingC.SleepD.Havingslept,主动和进行,时间上无先后,被动和过去,时间上无先后,主动和进行,时间上有先后,被动和过去,时间上有先后,-ing-ed-havingdoneHavingbeendone,否定式在-ing前直接加not或在ing后加never联想不定式作状语的情况,表原因时可不分先后,-bingdone被动，同时,1.Standingonthetopofthemountain,Ifoundtheschoolisverybeautiful.2.Seenfromthemountain,theschoolisverybeautiful.3.Havingfinishedmyhomework.Iwenthomeimmediately.4.Havingbeenbeatenbymyfather,Iwentouttoseemymother.,5.Nothavingreceivedhisletter,hewenthome=Havingneverreceivedhisletter,hewenthome.,否定式要把not加-ing在前面，或把never加在-ing后面.,分词作状语注1：分词作状语时，其逻辑主语须与句子的主语一致，构成主动或被动的关系。注2：表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词while或when引导。Whenofferedhelp,oneofensays“Thankyou.”or“Itiskindofyou(时间状语）Becarefulwhile/whencrossingthestreet.(时间）,A)1._(see)thosepicture,hecouldnthelpthinkingofthosedaysinYanan.2._(turn)round,Fannyfoundabusdrivingup.3._(water)thevegetables,theybegantopickup