英语写作讲座.ppt

英语写作教学,目前的命题形式和出题方式三段式作文的篇章布局段落展开方法：时间顺序举例法因果法对比对照法方法类描述文：人物描写图表式写作：描述议论各个学期的写作教学训练安排,命题形式和出题方式,主要是提纲式作文（约占题目总数的70），其次是图表式作文（约占16），还有少量其他形式的作文（如书信，给出题目和提示的作文等，约占14）。图表式作文是六级和研究生入学考试中写作部分出现频率较高的写作方式，也是考查考生最基本的分析问题、说明问题和英语表达能力的一种题型。,TypesofWriting,Description,Narration,Exposition,Argumentation,1989.1.TheTapeRecorder1993.6.MyFavoriteProgram1994.6.MyIdealJob1994.6.（六级）TheCareerIPursue,说明文,2004.1.ABriefIntroductiontoaTouristAttraction,描述文,2003.6.AnEye-WitnessAccountofaTrafficAccident2003.9.TheDayMyClassmateFellIll(orGotInjured),记叙文,内容和题材,就内容和题材而言，历年来的作文内容主要偏重于工作，就业，学习和日常生活，交通，及社会热门话题等方面。,ThreeParagraphEssay,Introductoryparagraph,Bodyparagraph,Concludingparagraph,Introductoryparagraph,rousethereadersinterests,fromwhatpointtostartinwhatdirectiontogo,Beginning,1.通过问题引入主题：Doyoueverthinkyouhavetopaythetuitionandfeesyourself?2.通过谚语或名人名言引入主题：Asoneproverbsays,“Morehaste,lessspeed.”3.通过数据引入主题：Thenumberofstudentsenrolledincollegesanduniversitieswas0.2millionandroseto1.2millionin1998.,4.通过定义引入主题：LuckynumbersarenumberswhichsoundlikesomeChinesecharactersmeaninggoodfortune.Forexample,8isassociatedwithwealthorfortunemaking.5.以对照方式引入主题：Itsgenerallybelievedthatstressissomethingunpleasant,butitisinconceivablethatanyoneshouldhavenostressatall.,Beginning,Bodyparagraph,Developthemainpointsofthecompositionbygivingsupporttothemainideainthethesis.,Body,是首段的延伸，是短文的主体部分。扩展段内部各要点之间，通常需要过渡词的连接。,避免写出与主题句不相关的句子。段落的每个句子都必须紧紧围绕主题句展开，任何一句偏离主题的句子都将大大破坏段落的统一性和完整性。正确使用过渡性词语，使段落各扩展句之间、扩展句与主题句之间具有逻辑上的连贯性。过渡词即起承、启、转、接作用的连接性词语，这些词语不仅能强化细节间的逻辑关联性，还能使一个本来结构松散凌乱的段落变得通顺、连贯、紧凑。避免句式的趋同单一，尽量变换句型，混合使用简单句、并列句和复合句。四、六级写作除了要求语言表达的正确无误、句子合乎语法外，还对表达的灵活性、多样性和习惯性提出了一定的要求。,Concludingparagraph,Dontleaveyourreadershanging.,Beshortandforceful.Bemadeupmainlyofrestatementsorsummariesofthepointsthathavebeendiscussed.Nonewideasshouldbeintroduced.,结论段,与主题段遥相呼应，应照应、深化主题，综合概括全文。把握主题句的关键词，但不用与主题句相同的句式。表述与主题句一致的内容，但必须从某个角度对主题句进行深化；或回答主题句中所暗示的问题，或提出自己的建议，或表述自己的观点，或进一步提出问题发人深省。,1.提问终结法：Butwiththeproblemofpopulationexplosionbecomingmoreandmoreserious,onlytimecantellwhetherthisgaininhealthisablessingorcurse.2.谚语格言终结法：Therefore,whateverwedo,wemustkeepinmind:Diligenceisthemotherofgoodfortune.,Ending,3.综合概括终结法：Inaword,aslongasgovernmentandconsumersacthandinhand,fakeandinferiorgoodswillfindnowayintothemarket.4.建议忠告终结法：Thesecretofcopingwithstressisnottoavoiditbuttodowhatyouliketodoandwhatyouweremadetodo,atyourownrate.5.观点评论终结法：Inmyopinion,buildingundergroundrailwaysisbetterthanopeningmorebusroutes.,Ending,Beginning,Body,过渡词,Body,Ending,过渡句,过渡句,过渡句,过渡句,TypesofWriting,Description,Narration,Exposition,Argumentation,段落展开,主题句,主题句,扩展句,扩展句,扩展句,结论句,总,分,总,一般来说，英语是一个段落一个核心，或者说一个段落只能有一个中心思想，各段各句要围绕这一中心思想展开或铺叙，凡是与中心思想无关的句子都不能出现在段落中。,一致性原则,WatchingTVhasbecomeaverycommonactivityineveryfamily.Ithasbecomeanecessitytosomemodernyoungpeople.Anditisalsoaneasywaytofritterawayretiredpeoplestime.Bywatchingnewsreport,peoplecanknowrecentsocialeventsandimportantaffairsofhomelandandtheworld,orareattractedbyaTVplay.However,watchingTVcannottakeplaceofreadingandoutdoorsactivities.Butinbrief,watchingTVhasalreadybeenapartofmodernlife.,段落展开方法,时间顺序,记叙文,写作一般以情节发生的时间先后为序，开头发展结尾。也可以从故事或事件的中间或结尾写起，采用“穿插”或“倒叙”手法来写。,FiveAspects,When,Where,Who,What,How,OnthemorningofthecollegeentrancetestIrodeabiketotheschoolwhereIwouldtaketheexamination.Lessthanhalfwaybetweenmyhouseandtheschool,disasterstruck.Mybikehitanailandthefronttyrewentflat.Ipushedthebikealongthestreets,lookingforarepairshop.Minutespassedbutstilltherewasnonetobefound.WhenIlookedatmywatch,Iwentwildwithworry:therewereonly15minutesleftbeforetheexaminationbegan,andthenearestbusstopwasalongwayoff.Notknowingwhattodo,Istoodstillbythesideoftheroad,tearswellingupinmyeyes.ThenacarpulledinandIheardavoiceaskingwhatthematterwas.Whenheheardmystory,thedriverofferedmealift.Thankstohiskindness,Iarrivedjustintime.AndsohereIamtoday.,AMemorableExperience,time,hero,place,matter,书信,businesscorrespondence,personalcorrespondence,Thesalutation,Thesignature,Thecomplimentaryclose,FORMAT,PersonalCorrespondence,投诉信,ALetterofComplaint,2004.6.六级ALettertoEditorofaNewspaper你买了一本字典，有质量问题。售后服务不好。你将该情况反映给报社的编辑。要求：.事情的起因.与书店交涉的过程3.呼吁服务行业服务质量的提高,假设你是王明，昨天你到超市购物，对一位服务人员的服务态度不满，写封信找经理投诉。,自我介绍,写信的目的,记叙事件过程,愿望,DearSir/Madam,SincerelyYours,WangMing,DearSir/Madam,MynameisWangMing.Iamanordinaryconsumerofyoursupermarket.Iwritethislettertoplaceacomplaintagainstoneofyourshop-assistantsconcerningherbadserviceinthecourseofmyshoppingyesterday.,YesterdaymorningIintendedtobuymysisteraradioasabirthdaypresent.Oneofyourshop-assistantsnumbered10wasaskedtotakeseveralonesformetochooseatthesametime.Insuchasituation,itwastheassistantsdutyeithertodowhatshewasaskedtodoortoexplainwhyshewasunabletocomplywithsucharequest.Insteadofattendingtoherdutypolitely,sheturnedadeafeartomyrequestandwalkedawayinabadmood.,记叙文,Consumersdeserveamuchbetterservice.Ihopeyoucouldlookintothisunsatisfactorystateofaffairsandtakemeasurestopreventasimilarunpleasantmatterfromhappeningagaininthefuture.Ilookforwardtohearingfromyou!,愿望,SincerelyYours,WangMing,感谢信,ALetterofThanks,Supposeyousuddenlyfaintedonthestreetonedayandapolicemantookyoutohospitalandyoureceivedtimelytreatment.Writealetterofthankstoapolicestation.Yourlettershouldincludethefollowing:1.adescriptionofyourcase2.thankstothepolicemanandthepolicestation,自我介绍,写信的目的,记叙事件过程,愿望:表示感谢,（2005.6.）ALettertoYourTeacher,1.向老师表达节日祝贺2.从一件小事来回忆老师的教诲和无私的奉献3.我如何回报老师的关爱,邀请信,求职信,议论文,ParagraphDevelopmentbyExample,2003.12.ALetterinReplytoaFriend,1.建议报考的专业及理由2.报考该专业的基本条件3.应当如何备考,报考该专业的基本条件,InordertostudyattheEnglishDepartment,youhavetomeetthefollowingrequirements.Inthefirstplace,youhavetospendalotoftimeonit,justastheoldsayinggoes,“Practicemakesperfect”.Inthesecondplace,thebasicskillsofreading,writing,listeningandspeakingarenecessary,becausetheyarethefoundationsforyourfuturestudy.Lastbutnotheleastimportant,youneedanintenseinterestinlearningEnglishsince“interestisthebestteacher”.,应当如何备考,Asfarasthepreparationworkisconcerned,youshouldfirstofallreviewalltherequiredvocabulary.Inaddition,youdbetterspendsometimeonreadingandwriting.Onlythroughthesemeasurescanyouhopetoenrollinouruniversity.,2006.6.StudentsSelectingTheirLectures,有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课教师学生选择教师时所考虑的只要因素学生自选任课教师的益处和可能产生的问题,Unity,ParagraphDevelopmentbyCauseandEffect,Peoplegotocollege,StudentsstudyEnglishfordifferentreasons.ThefirstreasonisthatstudentsmayneedEnglishtoreadarticlesandtextbooksabouttheirsubjectinEnglish.ThesecondreasonisthatmanystudentsstudyEnglishbecausetheyhaveto!Englishispartofschoolcurriculum.Anotherreasonisthattheyareattractedbyforeignculture.TheyarestudyingEnglishhardtoknowmoreabouttheEnglish-speakingpeopleandcountries.ThelastpossibilityisthatagoodknowledgeofEnglishwillhelpstudentsgetabetterjobwhentheygraduatefromtheuniversity.,UsefulExpressions,Thereasons,inmymind,canbesummedupinthreerespects.Firstofall,.Inthesecondplace,.Lastbutnottheleast,.Threereasons,inmymind,canaccountforthissocialphenomenon.Firstandforemost,.Inthesecondplace,.Lastbutbynomeanstheleast.,comparisonandcontrast,comparison常指为了找出两种或多种事物或现象的相同之处而进行比较contrast着重指“通过两种或多种事物或现象的对比，突出地指出它们的不同之处”,threepatterns,throughillustrationstoshowhowthingsaredifferent,todiscusssimilaritiesonly,totreatbothlikenessesanddifferences,块式objectbyobject,条式pointbypoint,TopicsentenceObjectA-Point1-Point2-Point3ObjectB-Point1-Point2-Point3Conclusion,TopicsentenceObjectA-Point1ObjectB-Point1ObjectA-Point2ObjectB-Point2ObjectA-Point3ObjectB-Point3Conclusion,Comparedwithcars,bicyclesaresuperiorinmanyways.First,theyarecheap,convenientandeasytoride.Second,ridingbicycleisgoodforhealth.Third,theybringnonoisenorairpollution.Thoughcarsarefasterandmorecomfortable,theyaretooexpensive.Theyconsumeplentyofoilandtheypollutetheair.Sometimes,itisdifficultforadrivertoparkhiscar.Moreovertheyoftencausetrafficjamsandaccidents.,WritingModel,AdvantagesandDisadvantagesof,Nowadays,withthedevelopmentofinformationindustry,cellphoneplaysadominantroleinpeopleslife.Butlikeeverythingelse,ithasbothpositiveandnegativeaspects.,引出主题,Advantages,1.Itseasyandhandytocarryitwhereveryougoandcallothersatanytime.2.Convenient.3.Sendshortmessages.,Disadvantages,Leadtosomehealthproblemsifyouusetoofrequently.Receivesomenegativeinformation.Noisy.,Personallyspeaking,theadvantagesofcellphonefaroutweighitsdisadvantages.AndIbelievethatcellphonewillfaceabrighterfutureinitsdevelopment.,AdvantagesandDisadvantagesof,第一段引言简述标题中涉及的某一现象,第三段缺点以对比关联词引出该现象的缺点,第四段我的观点权衡利弊，谈谈自己的观点,第二段优点列举该现象的优点,WritingModel,AorB,DevelopingEconomyorProtectingtheEnvironment?,Somepeoplethinkthattheurgenttaskistodevelopeconomyonalargescale.First,Second,Ontheotherhand,manypeopleinsistthatenvironmentalprotectionshouldbeatopproblem.First,Second,Inmyopinion,botheconomicdevelopmentandenvironmentalprotectionareoururgenttasksnow.Frommyviewpoint,weshouldtakealleffectivemeasurestobothdevelopoureconomyandprotectourenvironment.,WRITINGMODEL,AorB,引言：简述标题中涉及的现象,A观点的理由或优缺点,B观点的理由或优缺点,自己的态度并简述理由,ShouldPrivateCarsBeEncouragedinChina?,For,Against,1.有人认为小轿车给人们带来方便和舒适；2.有人认为小轿车带来交通和污染问题；3.你的结论。,WritingModel,MyViewon事物性质,1.现在大学生读双学位的现象很常见2.我对这一现象的看法,MyViewonDoubleBADegree,Recentlyithasbecomeacommonphenomenonforcollegestudentstohavetwomajorsatthesametime.Inthisway,theycangetdoubleBAdegreeswhentheygraduatefromtheuniversityseveralyearslater.,briefintroduction,MyViewonDoubleBADegree,Althoughitmaybringunfavorableconsequences,wecanbesuretoconcludethatthispracticeisfavorableonthewhole.Tobeginwith,moststudentswillbecomemorehardworkingandefficientinordertofinishthelearningtaskssatisfactorily.Moreover,withtwodegreesathandaftergraduation,theywillstandabetterchanceinthejobmarketfulloffiercecompetition.Inthethirdplace,asfortodaysuniversitystudents,tuitionandfeesarebecomingmoreandmoreexpensive.Iftheycanmakeachievementsinstudyatschoolandfindasatisfactoryjobafterwards,itwillnotbeabigproblem.,advantages,Weighingtheprosandconsofsuchanewtrend,wecannaturallyarriveattheconclusionthatitisbeneficialandrewarding.Thissystemnotonlycompelsstudentstoworkhard,butalsopreparesthemforthecomingcompetition.,conclusion,StudentsSelectingTheirLectures,有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课教师学生选择教师时所考虑的只要因素学生自选任课教师的益处和可能产生的问题,方法类,Howto,社会生活中的重大问题，如环境、交通、住房、文化素质、民族精神等,令人担忧的社会问题，如污染、犯罪、盗版、走私、虚假文凭、假冒伪劣商品等,与大学生活紧密相连的问题，如学习、考试、提高能力、大学费用承担、找工作、了解社会等,第一段引言对现状、形势或困难的描述,第二段途径与方法列举具体的解决办法,第三段总结,HowtoSolvetheEnergyCrisis,Asisknowntoall,energyisofgreatimportancetoman.Wecanhardlyimaginehowmancouldlivewithoutenergy.Iftheworldweredeprivedofenergy,thewholesocietywouldbeunabletofunction;everythingwouldbeinamess.Moreover,ourexistencewouldbecomeaproblem.,现状,Withthedevelopmentoftheworldspopulationandtheever-increasingconsumptionofenergybyindustryandthethoughtlesswasteofenergybyindividuals,theworldisfacingthedangerofrunningoutofenergyresources.,严峻性,Toavoidanenergycrisisinthefuture,thepublicshouldbeeducatedaboutthescarcityofenergyandurgedtoconservethelimitedresources.Andmeanwhilegreateffortsshouldbemadetodevelopnewenergyresources,suchassolarenergy,nuclearenergy,etc.Whatsmore,thecompaniesshouldadoptenergy-savingmeasures.,办法,Allinall/Tosumup/Inconclusion,onlywhenthegovernmentandthecitizensjointheirhandsintheeffortscanwehopetosolvethewatershortageproblemsatisfactorily.,结论,Description,Descriptionispaintingapictureinwordsofaperson,place,object,orscene.,description,Hesneithertallnorshort,neitherfatnorthin,neithertoooldnortooyoung,neitherhandsomenorugly.Ifanexpressionistobefoundtodescribehim,thatmaybetheexactwordof“ordinary”.ButjustatfirstglanceathimIfeelsomethingdifferentonhimfromothers.Itmaysoundpuzzlingbutitisthetruth.Andheismynewcompositioninstructor.,人物描写,Iamaveryindependentperson.Ialwaysdothingsformyself.Idontlikepeopledoingthingsforme,helpingme,orgivingmethings.ItsnotthatIdontappreciateit.Ijustfellthatwhensomeonedoessomethingforyouthenyouowethem,ifthereisonethingIdontliketofeel,itsthatIoweanyoneanything.,1.Introduction:Personyouarewritingabout2.Body:OveralldescriptionofthepersonOnequalityyouwanttoemphasizeSpecificdetails(e.g.stories)thatshowthisquality,supportideas3.Conclusion:Whatwasyourpersonalexperiencewiththisperson?Howhasthepersoninfluencedyou?Whatsyouropinionaboutthisperson?,Outline,图表写作,Graph/ChartWriting,图表作文是把非文字信息转换为文字信息的一种作文。要用文字来描述非文字性的图表或对图表显示的关系做解释说明。要认真审查所给图示，对图中的数据、图形、分类、百分比要有一个完整的了解。叙述经常或反复出现的情况或自己的评述，要用一般现在时。Youshouldquoteasfewfiguresaspossible.,写作步骤：1.用文字概述图表中的数字信息；2.分析图表中的数据变化反映的问题；3.预测未来/提出解决办法或建议。,theclassof1999,theclassof2000,theclassof2001,96%,93%,88%,PercentageofCollegeGraduateswhoGotEmployedtheYearTheyGraduatedfrom19