语言学教程Face-theory

FaceTheory,面子论,Introduction,In1978,BrownandLevinsonpublishedthebookPoliteness:SomeUniversalsinLanguageUsage（礼貌：语言使用中的一些共性）,inwhichtheydevelopedGoffmans(1976)notionoffaceintothewell-knownFaceTheory(FTforshort).,StephenC.Levinson,PenelopeBrown,Introduction,Intheirview,politenesswasthevariousrationalbehaviorsofaModelPersontosatisfyhisfacewants.AModelPersonhadtwospecialproperties-rationalityandface.Rationality（理性）:Theapplicationofaspecificmodeofreasoning-whatAristotle(1969)calledpracticalreasoning（实用主义）-whichguaranteesinferencesfromendsorgoalstomeansthatwillsatisfythoseends.,ConstititionofFace,Facethepublicself-imagethateverymemberwantstoclaimforhimself.Itreferstothatemotionalandsocialsenseofselfthateveryonehasandexpectseveryoneelsetorecognize.Faceconsistsoftworelatedaspects:1)Negativeface2)Positiveface,Negativeface,Itrefersthatpeoplehopetohavethefreedomofchoosing,donotwishtobeimposedbyothersandtheirbehaviorsdonotsufferfrominterference,hinder.消极面子指的是不希望别人强加于自己，自己的行为不受人的干涉和阻碍，希望自己有自己的选择。E.g.:threat、warning、order,Positiveface,Itrefersthatpeoplewishtogetapproval,appreciationandrespectfromothers.积极面子指的是希望得到别人的赞同、喜爱、欣赏和尊敬。E.g.:Itisverykindofyou.Youarebeautiful.Negativefacepositiveface,Facethreateningacts(FTAs),Somespeechactscharacterizedbyoriginalthreatfacethemselveswillthreatentheface,whicharecalledFaceThreateningActs(FTAS)有些言语行为具有固定的威胁面子的性质,本身会威胁到面子，这些行为被称作“威胁面子行为”。,“Face”inChineseculture,TheconceptionoffaceinChinesecultureisdifferentfromBrownandLevinsonsdefinition.BrownandLevinsondeclarethatfaceistheself-imageinsociallife.Itisobviouslythattheyputgreatemphasisonindividual.WhattheycallFATsarethosethatthreatenthefaceofthespeakerorhearer.中国人的脸，不但可以洗，可以刮，并且可以丢，可以赏，可以留。林语堂要脸，赏脸，丢脸，争脸，爱面子，丢面子，留面子，碍面子，有面子，争面子，讲情面，不要脸，无脸见人，撕破脸皮，翻脸不认人，打肿脸充胖子，不看僧面看佛面，死要面子活受罪。阿Q孔已己饿死事小失节事大,“Face”inChineseculture,InChinesecultureandsociallife,“脸”or“面子”isusedtocontrolandmodulate（调节）socialacts.Wecanunderstandtheimplicationoffaceasthefollowing:个人需要不要超过社会给予的身份地位，代表的是个人从属于社会的价值观。顾曰国Chineseattachmoreimportancetoin