dictation_专四听写技巧总结.ppt

短文听写(Dictation),考试时间：15分钟总分：15分共一篇短文，长度约150个词，含15个左右意群，每个意群一分。共朗读四遍：第一，四遍以正常速度朗读，语速为每分钟120个词；第二三遍朗读时意群，分句间会留出15秒,（一）主题分析,文体：说明文（exposition)题材：介绍某物体或事物介绍某事物发展演变过程介绍某类人介绍某现象介绍节日介绍语言或技巧,介绍某物体或事物,7/19（1992-2010）40%1992PaperlessWorld1995UnidentifiedFlyingObjects2002DisappearingForests2003Salmon2005TheWristWatch2006TheInternet2007Advertising,介绍某事物发展演变过程,3/1918%1994ChangeoftheAmericanFamily1998TheRailwaysinBritain2004Money,介绍某类人,2/1912%1996TheMedicineMan2001CharacteristicsofaGoodReader,介绍某现象,3/1918%1993PackageHolidays1997LegalAgeforMarriage2008ChoosingaCareer,介绍节日,2/191999UnitedNationsDay2009NewYearsEve,介绍语言或技巧,2/192000Language2010FreshmensWeek,（二）错误分析,A.由音变现象而导致的错误正确：Moreenergyarrivesattheearthssurfaceinanhourthanisconsumedintheworldinawholeyear.错误：Moreenergyarrivesattheearthssurfaceinahowthanisconsumedintheworldinawholeyear.正确:Itisuptothetouroperator.错误:Itsuptothetouroperator.正确：Canyouimaginehowdifficultlifewouldbecome.错误：Canyouimaginehowdifficultlifewillbecome.正确:Everywhereweturn,wefindpaper.错误:Everywhereweturn,wefinepaper.,常见音变现象:连读,连读，即语速加快时，两个或多个分属不同单词的相邻音连在一起读出的语音现象。常见的连读分为以下三种：辅音+元音即第一个单词以辅音结尾，下一个单词以原因开头时，两个词连读。如：outandoutsituplookoutof辅音+h音即第一个单词以辅音结尾，下一格单词以清辅音h开头，前一辅音将击穿清辅音h，直接与h后的原因相拼。如：giverhermisshimishebusy字母r+元音即第一个单词以字母r或者re结尾，下一个单词以原因开头，原本不发音的字母r或者re发辅音r，并与后面的元音相拼。如：areintherearemoreandmorewhereamI,2004,Flight5125scheduledtotakeoffat11:30willbedelayedfor20minutes.Pleasecheckinhalfanhourpriortodeparture.,常见音变现象:同化,英语口语中，某些音，特别是辅音连读通常发生音变，称作音的同化现象。常见的同化变音有四个t+jnotyetlastyeard+jdidyoucouldyouandyouz+jbecauseyouseizeyous+jsuitissue,常见音变现象：弱音,弱音指元音的弱化，即一个单词中的元音在口语中，由于说话速度快或在句中处于次要位置而不发标准读音，变为弱化元音的现象。常见的弱音现象：长元音弱化为短元音hebeen元音前的辅音省略或辅音前的元音弱读hishave元音弱化成？usfor,常见音变现象:失去爆破,/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/是英语中的6个爆破音。（爆破音是指发音器官在口腔中形成阻碍，然后气流冲破阻碍而发出的音。）在某些情况下，发爆破音时，气流不必冲破阻碍，而只是发音器官在口腔中形成阻碍，并稍做停顿，即做好发出这个爆破音的准备，但不要发出音来。这类情况就叫做失去爆破或不完全爆破。,不完全爆破的几种可能,1./p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/这6个爆破音中的任何两个音素相邻时,前者发不完全爆破音,后者则要完全地，彻底地进行爆破。Ihasaba(d)col(d)today.Youshoul(d)ta(k)ecareofthechildren.Gla(d)tomeetyou.2.爆破音/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/在/t?/,/d?/,/?/,/?/的前面时不完全爆破。Haveyourea(d)thebookabouttha(t)child?Thethir(d)chairisbroken.3.爆破音/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/在/m/,/n/,/l/,/s/的前面时不完全爆破。Goo(d)morning,sir.Goo(d)night.Theyareveryfrien(d)lytous.,2009,Formanypeopleinthewest,NewYearsEveisthebiggestpartyoftheyear.Itstimetogettogetherwithfriendsorfamilyandwelcomeinthecomingyear.,B.由英美两种发音差异而导致的错误,Thefeesandceremoniesvary(very)greatlyfromstateandstate.Todaysfamily,however,canbecomposedofdiversecombinations.(cambinations)Therearecarefullyscheduled(.)stops.,英音和美音的几大区别,美音中除了Mrs.中的“r”不卷舌之外，只要含有“r”字母的单词均要卷舌。spareburglarpurposechairmanhorsedirtyladderlectureweather,字母a的发音,askcantdancefasthalfpathchanceadvantageanswer.,字母o的读音,bottlepopularoddshopboxcrophotpolishspot.,美音中/t/出现在两个元音之间且处于非重读位置的时候，发音近似/d/,lettermattercitybetterprettywaitorwinterchapter.,字母u在l,d,n,t之后,发音不同,dueproduceattitudestudentopportunitysupermarkettunestupid.,ile的发音不同,fertilehostilemissiletextile.,特殊的单词,eitherneitherrecorddictionaryfactorylaboratoryhistory.,C.同音词与近音词,同音词air-heir,aisle-isle,arent-aunt,bare-bear,brake-break,bred-bread,buy-by,cell-sell,cent-scent,cereal-serial,coarse-course,complement-compliment,dam-damn,dear-deer,die-dye,eight-ate,eye-I,fair-fare,father-farther,flour-flower,for-four,forth-fourth,groan-grown,hair-hare,heal-heel,hear-here,herd-heard,hole-whole,hour-our,idle-idol,knight-night,knot-not,know-no,knows-nose,knew-new,made-maid,mail-male,wring-ring,meat-meet,one-won,pair-pear,passed-past,peace-piece,plain-pear,poor-pour,pray-prey,principal-principle,profit-prophet,real-reel,right-write-rite,root-route,sail-sale,scene-sen,sea-see,seam-seem,sew-so-sow,sight-site,steal-steel,sun-son,tail-tale,there-their,threw-through,tire-tyre,two-to-two,way-weigh,wear-where,weather-whether,week-weak,weight-wait,wood-would,wore-war,worn-warn,近音词,lead-lid,deed-did,peek-pickfool-full,pool-pullcart-cut,heart-hutmass-mess,bad-bed,dad-deadfight-fat,bike-back,lack-likeveil-whale,vest-west,vet-wetsign-shine,sigh-shy,same-shamecourse-cause,fuss-fuzz,house-house,loose-loseworth-worse,path-pass,think-sinkthin-thing,sin-sing,ban-bang,rightin-writinglace-race,collect-correct,light-rightneed-lead,night-light,nine-line,D.单词评写错误,容易混淆的词尾visitor-visiterbuilder-buildordistributor-distributerresistance-resistenceindependence-independancelicense-lisence.,词性转换引起的错误,explainexhibitcomplexsympathy,拼写小结,注意数字的书写，避免数字表达法引起的错误认真核查单词的拼写，句首单词首字母要大些。注意单词中有不发音字母的拼写形式，并勤记录。如exhibit,honor,knife,island,comb,tomb注意单词中辅音字母的单双写问题。如success,necessary,command,disappear,commonplace,attitude,communication,E.语法错误,名词单复数Themedicinemen(man)wereoftensuccessfulforanotherreason,too.语法规则：名词前若有a,an,则该名词必为单数名字前若是the，则该名词可能为单数也可能为复数名字前若是few,afew,agoodmany,agreatmany,anumberof等词或短语，则该名词一定为复数名词前若是little,alittle,much,anamountof,agreatdealof等词或短语，则该名词一定为不可数名词名词前若是some,any,alotof,plentyof,aquantityof,massesof等词或短语，则该名词可能为单数也可能为复数名词后的谓语是is,was，则该名词一定为单数名词后的谓语是are,were，则该名词一定为复数,因动词的时态，语态和单复数而引起的错误,Thelanguagewhichremains(remain)unchanged(unchange)isnothingbutdead.(2000)Inmoststates,awaitingperiodisrequired(require)beforethelicenseisissued.,冠词使用不当引起的错误,单数可数名词前必须加冠词，听写完后，必须检查冠词的使用是否恰当。,F.由于背景知识缺乏而导致的错误,正确：inVictoriantimes错误：invictorytimes正确：thenuclearfamily错误：thenewclearfamily正确：UnitedNationsDay错误：UnitedNationsDay,G.标点符号,Theidea,forexample,ofbeingapainteroramusicianmayseemveryattractive.(2008)Theideaforexampleofbeingapainteroramusicianmayseemveryattractive.Athree-daywaitisthemostcommon.(1997)Athreedaywaitisthemostcommon.Formanypeo