无机化合物的命名.ppt

化学工程与工艺专业英语,1,成绩计算办法：平时点名：20%平时作业：30%期末考试：50%(开卷考试!),主要内容,无机化合物的命名有机化合物的命名专业外语书上的部分单元,1,3,45,6,710,11,12,1320,21,Nomenclatureofinorganiccompound,Withthediscoveryofthousandsofnewinorganiccompoundsithasbecomenecessarytorevisethetraditionalrulesofnomenclature.Aninternationalcommitteehasrecommendedasetofrulesfornamingcompounds,andthesearenowbeingadoptedthroughouttheworld.,随着成千上万个新无机化合物的发现，对传统的命名规则进行修订就显得很有必要。国际委员会提出了一套命名无机化合物的规则，这套规则已经被全世界范围接受。,OneoftheprinciplechangesisthatproposedbyAlbertStockandnowknownastheStocksystemfornamingthecompoundsofmetal(oxides,hydroxides,andsalts)inwhichthemetalmayexhibitmorethanoneoxidationstate.,其中一个主要的变化是AlbertStock提出来的Stock命名系统,这个系统主要用于命名具有不同氧化态的金属氧化物,金属氢氧化物和金属盐。,Anotherimportantchangeisinthenamingofcomplexionsandcoordinationcompounds.,InthesecasetheoxidationstateofmetalisshownbytheromannumeralinparenthesesimmediatelyfollowingtheEnglishnameofmetalwhichcorrespondstoitsoxidationnumber.,在这种情况下，金属氧化态是以紧接着金属的英文名称之后在圆括号中用罗马数字表示，该数字与金属的氧化数一致。,NamingionsNamingmetaloxides,bases,andsaltsNamingnonmetaloxidesNamingacidsNamingacidandbasicsaltsNamingmixedsalts,元素和单质的命名,“元素”：element“单质”：element有时为了区别，又叫:freeelement化合物：compound,cover,9,S-blockElement,IAHHydrogenLiLithiumNaSodiumKPotassiumRbRubidiumCsCesiumFrFrancium,IIABeBerylliumMgMagnesiumCaCalciumSrStrontiumBaBariumRaRadium,10,P-blockElement,VIAVIIA0HeHeliumOOxygenFFluorineNeNeonSSulfurClChlorineArArgonSeSeleniumBrBromineKrKryptonTeTelluriumIIodineXeXenonPoPoloniumAtAstatineRnRadon,IIIAIVAVABBoronCCarbonNNitrogenAlAluminumSiSiliconPPhosphorusGaGalliumGeGermaniumAsArsenicInIndiumSnTinSbAntimonyTlThalliumPbLeadBiBismuth,11,CommonTransitionElememt,Fe:ironMn:manganeseCu:copperZn:zincHg:mercuryAg:silverAu:gold,NamesofCations,Monatomiccations1.SinglevalenceionsCationsname=Elementforexample:Na+SodiumAl3+AluminumK+PotassiumCa2+Calcium,2.Multivalenceions,Cationsname=Element(N)对于有变价的金属元素，一般用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态，或用后缀-ous表示低价，-ic表示高价。Forexample:Fe2+Iron(II)orFerrousFe3+Iron(III)orFerricMn4+Manganese(IV)Mn2+Manganese(II)Cu2+copper(I)orcuprousCu+copper(II)orcupric,Polyatomiccations:radicelNH4+：ammonium,NamesofAnions,1.Monatomic（单原子）anionsAnionsname=Elementsroot-ideF-：fluoride（F：fluorine）；Cl-：chloride（Cl：chlorine)；Br-：bromide（Br：bromine；I-：iodide（I：iodine）CN-：cyanide；OH-：hydroxide,2.Polyatomicoxyanions（含氧阴离子）,(1).Acidradicalsfornormalsalt(正酸根-ate)Anionsname=CentralElementsroot-ateforexample:ClO3-ChlorateIO3-IodatePO43-PhosphateNO3-NitrateSO42-SulfateCO32-Carbonate,Cl:chlorineI:iodinP：phosphorousN:nitrogenS:sulfurC:carbon,17,(2).Acidradicalsformeta-salts(亚酸根-ite),Anionsname=Centralelementsroot-iteforexample:ClO2-ChloriteIO2-IoditePO33-PhosphiteNO2-NitriteSO32-Sulfite,18,(3).Acidradicalsforhypo-salts(次酸根-ite),Anionsname=Hypo-Centralelementsroot-iteforexample:ClO-HypochloriteIO-HypoioditePO23-Hypophosphite,19,(4).Acidradicalsforpersalts(高酸根Per-ate),Anionsname=Per-centralElementsroot-ateforexample:ClO4-PerchlorateIO4-PeriodateMnO4-Permanganate,化合物的命名,化合物的命名顺序：英文读法：从化学式从左往右读，中文读法：从化学式从右往左读,CO2:二氧化碳carbondioxideAgCl：氯化银silverchloride,表示原子个数时使用前缀：,tetra-(四)；penta-(五)；hexa-(六)；,hepta-(七)；octa-(八)；nona-(九)；,但是不引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽可能被省去。,deca-（十）,mono-(一)；di-(二)；tri-(三)；,mono-：通常不加，除非这种物质通常情况下不以单原子存在。,Nameofoxides,Nonmetaloxide=n-Nonmetalelement+n-oxideSO2:sulfur()oxideCO:carbonmonoxideCO2:carbondioxideP2O5：diphosphoruspentoxide,Metaloxide=Cation（）+oxideCaO：calciumoxideFeO:iron(II)oxide,ferrousoxideFe2O3:iron(III)oxide,ferricoxide,23,TableBinarycompoundsofnonmetals-CarbonnitrogenCOcarbonmonoxideNOnitrogenmonoxideCO2CarbondioxideNO2nitrogendioxideCS2CarbondisulfideN2OdinitrogenmonoxideCCl4CarbontetrachlorideN2O3dinitrogentrioxideN2O5dinitrogenpentoxideSulfurphosphorusSO2SulfurdioxidePBr3phosphorustribromideSO3SulfurtrioxideSF6SulfurhexafluoridePCl5phosphoruspentachloride,Base=(Element()+hydroxide),NamesofBases,forexample:Al(OH)3AluminumhydroxideNaOHSodiumhydroxideCa(OH)2CalciumhydroxideBa(OH)2BariumhydroxideCo(OH)2Cobalt(II)hydroxide,25,NamingAcids(1).Per-,hydro-,normalacid(itssalt-ate,-ide),Acid=Centralelementsroot-ic+acidforexample:H2CO3CarbonicacidH2SO4SulfuricacidHNO3NitricacidHClO4PerchloricacidHClHydrochloricacid,无氧酸命名规则：hydro-词根-icacid,26,(2).Meta-andhypo-acid(itssalt-ite)Acid=Centralelementsroot-ous+acidforexample:H2SO3SulfurousacidH3PO3PhosphorousacidHNO2NitrousacidHClOHypochlorousacidHClO2Chlorousacid,27,含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子,采用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子，价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀，不同的后缀。高某酸per-ic正酸ic亚酸-ous次酸hypo-ous高某酸根per-ate正酸根ate亚酸根-ite次酸根hypo-ite其它的前缀还有ortho-正meta-偏thio-硫代举例：HClO4perchloricacidClO4-perchlorateionHClO3chloricacidClO3-chlorateionHClO2chlorousacidClO2-chloriteionHClOhypochlorousacidClO-hypochloriteionH2SO4sulfuricacidH2SO3sulfurousacidHNO3nitricacidHNO2nitrousacidHPO3metaphosphoricacidS2O32-thiosulfateion,NamesofSalts,(1).正盐(Normalsalt)：根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。Normalsalt=Cation+anionforexample:KNO3PotassiumnitrateNa2CO3SodiumcarbonateFeSO4iron(II)sulfate,29,(2)酸式盐(Acidicsalts)：同正盐的读法，酸根中的读做hydrogen，氢原子的个数用前缀表示。Acidicsalt=Cation+hydrogen+anionforexample:NaHSO4SodiumhydrogensulfateNa2HPO4DisodiumhydrogenphosphateNaH2PO4SodiumdihydrogenphosphateCa(HSO4)2CalciumbisulfateNaHCO3Sodiumhydrogencarbonate或Sodiumbicarbonate,习惯命名也常用“bi+阴离子”表示酸式盐：,30,(3)碱式盐（Basicsalts）,Basicsalt=Cation+hydroxy+anionforexample:Cu2(OH)2CO3Dicopper(II)dihydroxycarbonateCa(OH)ClCalciumhydroxychlorideMg(OH)PO4Magnesiumhydroxyphosphate,31,(4)复盐(Mixedsalts)：同正盐的读法。,Mixedsalt=Cation+cation+anionforexample:AlK(SO4)2aluminiumpotassiumsulfateKFe(SO4)2ferricpotassiumsulfate,同正盐的读法，并且阳离子按英文名称的第一个字母顺序读。,结晶水读做water或hydrateAlCl36H2O:aluminumchloride6-water或aluminumchloridehexahydrateAlK(SO4)212H2O:aluminiumpotassiumsulfate12-water,（5）水合盐：,非金属氢化物,除了水和氨气使用俗称water，ammonia以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。（1）对于卤族和氧族氢化物，在化学式中写在前面，因此将其看成与另一元素的二元化合物。举例：HFhydrogenfluorideHClhydrogenchlorideHBrhydrogenbromideHIhydrogeniodideH2ShydrogensulfideH2SehydrogenselenideH2Tehydrogentelluride（2）对于其它族的非金属氢化物，在化学式中写在后面，可加后缀-ane，氮族还可加-ine举例：PH3:phosphine或phosphaneAsH3:arsine或arsaneSbH3:stibine或stibaneBiH3:bismuthaneSiH4:silaneB2H6:diborane,特殊氧化物,Fe3O4FerroferricoxideTrileadtetroxideNa2O2Sodiumperoxide,FerroferricoxideSodiumperoxide,Cationsname=Element(N)或用后缀-ous表示低价，-ic表示高价Anionsname=ElementsrootideMetaloxide=Cation（）+oxideNonmetaloxide=n-Nonmetalelement+n-oxideBase=(Element()+hydroxide)高某酸per-ic正酸ic亚酸-ous次酸hypo-ous高某酸根per-ate正酸根ate亚酸根-ite次酸根hypo-iteNormalsalt=Cation+anionAcidicsalt=Cation+hydrogen+anionBasicsalt=Cation+hydroxy+anionMixedsalt=Cation+cation+anion结晶水读做water或hydrate,要求,1、掌握单质命名规律和一些常见单质名称；2、熟练掌握阳离子命名规律，熟记一些常见阳离子名称；3、熟练掌握阴离子命名规律，熟记一些