14.专利说明书.ppt

信息检索与文献阅读（化学0701-0702）,2010年4月2日,第一部分化学专业基础英语阅读（20学时）第二部分英文阅读材料（12学时）第三部分信息检索（16学时）,第一章作为定量科学和物质科学的化学第二章原子、分子和离子第三章气态第四章热化学第五章有机化合物和基团的命名第六章无机化学、有机化学、物理化学、分析化学化学术语,第一部分化学专业基础英语阅读（20学时）,第二部分英文阅读材料（12学时）,第一章松香酸度的标准测试方法第二章族半导体制备的新方法：InP纳米晶的超声化学合成第三章专利说明书第四章销售合同第四章分子离子材料的计算机模拟第四章透射Laue法的X射线衍射,第三部分信息检索（16学时）,第一章信息检索基础第二章超星图书馆第三章中国期刊网第四章维普第五章工程索引（Ei）第六章美国化学文摘（CA）第七章专利,教材和参考书：1、魏高原，化学专业基础英语知识（I）（IntroductoryChemistrySpecialityEnglish），北京大学出版社，2004。2、ReadingMaterials(自编讲义)。3、陈英，科技信息检索（第二版），科学出版社，2005。4、万锡仁，InformationRetrievalandRelatedReadingMaterials，（待出版）。5、美PhilipBall著，魏高原等注释，化学专业基础英语（II），北京大学出版社，2001。,课堂教学内容安排,第一节课教学要求说明词汇预习课文阅读理解第二节课课文阅读理解（续）答疑布置课后作业课堂书面练习,一、教学要求掌握：专利说明书的基本格式，有关专业词汇。熟悉：专利中所指出的两种脱水的方法。了解：专利申请程序。,PATENTSPECIFICATION专利说明书,二、词汇,patentspecification专利说明书dehydrate,dehydrating脱水bariumhydroxide氢氧化钡hydrate水合物kali(potash)碳酸钾Chemie(chemistry)化学Aktiengesellschaft(joint-stockcompany)合资公司,patentspecificationdehydrate,dehydratingbariumhydroxidehydratekali(potash),Allee(avenue,boulevard)林荫道bariumhydroxidehydrate氢氧化钡水合物octahydrate八水合物monohydrate一水合物,一水化物anhydrous无水的waterofcrystallization结晶水,bariumhydroxidehydrateoctahydratemonohydrateanhydrouswaterofcrystallization,reducedpressure减压congruentmeltingpoint同成分熔点（Ba(OH)2.8H2O的固体熔化成Ba(OH)2:H2O=1:8的液体）digestion蒸煮，消化elevatedtemperature高温azeotropicdistillation共沸蒸馏,reducedpressurecongruentmeltingpointdigestionelevatedtemperatureazeotropicdistillation,paste糊状物sludge软泥hydrophobic疏水的adhesiveaffinity亲和力toluene甲苯chloro-hydrocarbon氯代烃，含氯碳氢化合物,pastesludgehydrophobicadhesiveaffinitytoluenechloro-hydrocarbon,flowability流动性wettingstrength湿润强度covalentbond共价键reflux回流evacuation抽真空Hannover汉诺威bodycorporate法人团体,flowabilitywettingstrengthcovalentbondrefluxevacuationHannoverbodycorporate,hereby特此declare宣布invention发明anhydrousbariumhydroxide无水氢氧化钡,herebydeclareinventionanhydrousbariumhydroxide,congruently同成分地melt熔化，溶解otherwisethan除之外prolonged延长的troublesome麻烦的spattering飞溅incrustation结垢,congruentlymeltotherwisethanprolongedtroublesomespatteringincrustation,drawback缺点taketo得于quantitatively定量地attain获得withdraw，withdrew，withdrawn提取azeotropicallydistill共沸蒸馏azeotropicdistillation共沸蒸馏,drawbacktaketoquantitativelyattainwithdraw，withdrew，withdrawnazeotropicallydistillazeotropicdistillation,preserve保持chemicallyinert化学惰性的miscible易混合的effect实现，达到fitwith配有overflow溢流,preservechemicallyinertmiscibleeffectfitwithoverflow,proportion比例azeotropicboilingpoint共沸点consistin在于，是evaporation蒸发benzenehomologue苯的同系物,proportionazeotropicboilingpointconsistinevaporationbenzenehomologue,filtration过滤smallresidueofwater少量残留的水otherwise另外affording提供,filtrationsmallresidueofwaterotherwiseaffording,incontradistinction与此不同thereto另外inpractice实际上reflux回流firstdistillate最初的馏分,incontradistinctiontheretoinpracticerefluxfirstdistillate,suspension悬浮液evacuation抽真空filtrate滤液inaccordancewith依照anhydrousdioxane无水二氧杂环乙烷,suspensionevacuationfiltrateinaccordancewithanhydrousdioxane,三、课文的阅读理解,专利的含义,“专利”在我国一般是指专利权。（1）专利权是专利机关代表国家依法授予发明人、设计人或其所属单位对其某项发明创造在法律规定的期限内享有的专有权。,（2）专利的第二种含义是指受专利法保护的发明创造。其种类分为发明专利，实用型专利和观外设计专利。,专利说明书的主要内容：,专利的名称、所属技术领域、该领域的现有技术水平，申请专利的背景和目的、专利的内容、（附图说明）、实施实例、专利要求等。,请同学们阅读课文内容，思考和回答下列问题：,1.Whatdoesthisinventionrelateto?2.Pleasedescribethetwoolddehydratingmethodsandtheirdisadvantages.3.Pleasedescribethetwonewdehydratingmethodsofbariumhydroxidehydrates.Howtoselectorganicsolventsineachcase?4.Isthereanybondbetweenthewaterofcrystallizationandbariumhydroxideinbariumhydroxidehydrates?,5.Inexample1,(1)whathadbeencollectedinthereceiverattheendof90minutes?(2)howtodropthetemperature?(3)whatsolidsubstancewasobtainedattheendofthedehydratingprocess?,6.Whatorganicsolventswereselectedinexamples1,2,and3?,Howtodryaqueouspastesorsludgesconsistingoffineparticlesofhydrophobicsolids?,8.Whichdehydratingmethodswereusedinexamples1,2,and3,respectively?Whatwasthefinalproductineachcase?,9.PleasedescribeitinChinesehowthewaterisremovedfrombariumhydroxidehydratesintwonewdehydratingmethods.,10.Pleasedescribetheadvantagesofthefirstnewdehydratingmethod.,Whatdoesthisinventionrelateto?,Thisinventionrelatestoamethodofdehydratingbariumhydroxidehydrates.(page25,line10（ontheleftside）),2.Pleasedescribethetwoolddehydratingmethodsandtheirdisadvantages.,(1)Bariumhydroxideoctahydratecongruentlymeltsinitsownwaterofcrystallization.Thewatercanberemovedfromthissolutionbyprolonged（延长的）heatingattemperataresupto300.,(page25,line17(ontheleftside),Theprocessisaccompaniedbytroublesomespattering（飞溅）andincrustation（结垢）phenomena(Pluralofphenomenon).,(2)Bariumhydroxidehydratescanbedehydratedunderreducedpressuratatemperatureofabout130.Adrawbackofthismethodisthelongtime（that）theprocessofdehydrationtakesto（得于）perform,thewaterofcrystallisationbeingreleasedextremelyslowly.,(page25,line24(ontheleftside),Itisimpossiblequantitativelytocontrolthedegreeofdehydrationattainedinthecourseoftheprocessforthesetwodehydratingmethods.,3.Pleasedescribethetwonewdehydratingmethodsofbariumhydroxidehydrates.Howtoselectorganicsolventsineachcase?,Ithasnowbeenfoundthatthewaterofcrystallizationcanbewithdrawnfromthebariumhydroxidehydrateeitherbyheatingthesameinanorganicsolvent,thewaterbeingazeotropicallydistilledoffwiththesolvent,(page25,line14(ontherightside),共沸蒸馏,用挥发性不混溶于水的溶剂，以蒸汽的形式带出水分，在冷凝器内冷凝并分离。,orbyremovingitfromthebariumhydroxidehydratemerelybydigestion（蒸煮）inasuitablesolventatelevatedtemperature（高温).,(page25,line18(ontherightside),Organicsolventswhich,intheliquidphase,arenotmisciblewithwaterinanyproportionhavebeenfoundtobeespeciallyusefulforperformingtheazeotropicdistillation,sothatthecontinuousandcompleteseparationofthewatercanbeeffected（实现，达到）inareceiverfittedwithanoverflow.,(page25,line25(ontherightside),Ontheotherhand,thesolventischemicallyinerttobariumhydroxide,Inthecaseofbariumhydroxideoctahydrateasolventmustbeselectedwhichhasaboilingpointnearthecongruentmeltingpointof78，and(whichhas)anazeotropicboilingpointwhichisbelowthismeltingpoint.,(page26,line9(ontheleftside),Forlowerhydratesofbariumhydroxidetheselectionofasuitablesolventisnotdeterminedinabovemanner,andtheboilingpointsofthepuresolventandoftheazeotropicmixtureshouldbeaboveandascloseaspossiblerespectivelytotheboilingpointofwater.,(page26,line17(ontheleftside),Inanalternativeprocedureofheatingthebariumhydroxidehydrateswithanorganicsolvent,thewaterofcrystallizationisremovedbydigestion（蒸煮）inananhydrousorganicsolventorsolventmixturewhichischemicallyinertwithrespectto（关于）bariumhydroxidebutmiscible（易混合的）intheliquidphasewithwaterinanyproportion,(page26,line24(ontheleftside),4.Isthereanybondbetweenthewaterofcrystallizationandbariumhydroxideinbariumhydroxidehydrates?,Yes.Therearecovalentbondsbetweenthewaterofcrystallizationandbariumhydroxideinbariumhydroxidehydrates.,(page26,line26(ontherightside),5.Inexample1,(1)whathadbeencollectedinthereceiverattheendof90minutes?,Seveneighths(7/8)waterofcrystallizationhadbeencollectedinthereceiverattheendof90minutes.,(page27,line4(ontheleftside),(2)howtodropthetemperature?,WhenthefreshBa(OH)2.8H2Owasadded,thetemperaturedropped.,(page27,line9(ontheleftside),(3)whatsolidsubstancewasobtainedattheendofthedehydratingprocess?,Thebariumhydroxidemonohydratewasobtainedattheendofdehydratingprocess.,(page27,line12(ontheleftside),6.Whatorganicsolventswereselectedinexamples1,2,and3?,Benzene,toluene,andanhydrousdioxane(无水二氧杂环乙烷),Howtodryaqueouspastesorsludgesconsistingoffineparticlesofhydrophobicsolids?,Wecandrythemusingthemethodwhichconsistsin（在于）mixingthepasteswithasecondliquidwhichissubstantiallyimmisciblewithwaterandwhichhasagreateradhesiveaffinity（亲和力）withthesolidthanthewater,(page26,line36(ontheleftside),andthenseparatingthesolidfromitswaterbythedisplacementofthewater,thesecondliquidbeingthenremovedbyevaporation（蒸发）untilthepaste(糊状物)isdry.,(page26,line43(ontheleftside),8.Whichdehydratingmethodwasusedinexample1,2,or3?Whatwasthefinalproductineachcase?,Thefirstnewdehydratingmethodwasusedinexample1or2,whilethesecondnewmethodwasappliedinexample3.,ThefinalproductisBariumhydroxidemonohydrateinexample1or3,whilethefinalproductisanhydrousBariumhydroxideinexample2.,9.PleasedescribeitinChinesehowthewaterisremovedfromBariumhydroxidehydratesintwonewdehydratingmethods.,在第一种方法中，选择合适的有机溶剂，有机溶剂与水不互溶，其共沸温度低于氢氧化钡八水合物的同成分熔点，且有机溶剂的沸点接近于熔点。当温度加热到共沸温度（低于同成分熔点的温度），水和有机溶剂一起共沸蒸出，经冷凝后可分离（二者不互溶）,在第二种方法中，选择的有机溶剂与水混溶。当实验温度达到氢氧化钡八水合物的同成分熔点之上且低于有机溶剂的沸点，结晶水与氢氧化钡的作用大大减弱，并且水与有机溶剂混溶，过滤后，水留在滤液中。,10.Pleasedescribetheadvantagesofthefirstnewdehydratingmethod.,(1)Itisthenpossibletodehydraterelativelylargequantitiesofbariumhydroxidehydratewiththeaidofaconstantquantityofsolvent.,(2)Theprocessofdehydrationcanbediscontinuedwhenadesiredquantityofwaterhasbeenremovedsothatbariumhydroxidesinanydesiredstageofhydrationcanthusbeobtained.(Thedegreeofdehydrationcanbecontrolled),PATENTSPECIFICATION专利说明书,COMPLETESPECIFICATION,MethodofDehydratingBariumHydroxideHydrates,We,KALI-CHEMIEAKTIENGESELLSCHAFT,ofHans-Bockler-Allee20,Hannover,Germany,abodycorporateorganizedunderthelawsofGermany,dohereby(特此)declare(宣布)theinvention,forwhichwepray（祈祷，恳求）thatapatentmaybegrantedtous,andthemethodbywhichitistobeperformed,tobeparticularlydescribedinandbythefollowingstatement:,Thisinventionrelatestoamethodofdehydratingbariumhydroxidehydrates.,Bariumhydroxideoctahydrate,monohydrate,andanhydrousbariumhydroxideareknownaswelldefinedcompounds.Productshavingvaryingcontents（含量）ofwaterofcrystallizationbetweenthemono-andtheoctahydratearealsoindustriallyused.,Bariumhydroxideoctahydratecongruently（同成分地）melts(熔化，溶解)initsownwaterofcrystallization.Thewatercannotberemovedfromthissolutionotherwisethan（除之外）byprolonged（延长的）heatingattemperataresupto300.（在300K长时间加热氢氧化钡水合物脱水）,Theprocessisaccompaniedbytroublesomespatteringandincrustationphenomena.Animprovementcanbeachievedbydehydratingunderreducedpressureatatemperatureofabout130.（在130减压加热氢氧化钡水合物脱水）,Thebariumhydroxideoctahydratewillthen,whenslowlyheated,losepartofitswaterofcrystallizationattemperaturebelowitscongruentmeltingpointof78,sothatthesolidstateispreserved（保持）throughoutthedehydratingprocess.,Adrawbackofthismethodisthelongtime（that）theprocessofdehydrationtakesto（得于）perform,thewaterofcrystallisationbeingreleasedextremelyslowly.,Inbothcasesitisimpossiblequantitatively（定量地）tocontrolthedegreeofdehydrationattained(获得)inthecourseoftheprocess.,Ithasnowbeenfoundthatthewaterofcrystallizationcanbewithdrawn提取fromthebariumhydroxidehydrateeitherbyheatingthesameinanorganicsolvent,thewaterbeingazeotropicallydistilledoff（共沸蒸出）withthesolvent,（水与溶剂一起共沸蒸出）,orbyremovingitfromthebariumhydroxidehydratemerelybydigestion（蒸煮）inasuitablesolventatelevatedtemperature（高温）.,（高温下在合适溶剂中蒸煮氢氧化钡脱水）,Itis,however,necessarytoselectasolventwhichischemicallyinerttobariumhydroxide,buttheselectedsolventmaybeasolventmixture.,Organicsolventswhich,intheliquidphase,arenotmisciblewithwaterinanyproportionhavebeenfoundtobeespeciallyusefulforperformingtheazeotropicdistillation(共沸蒸馏),sothatthecontinuousandcompleteseparationofthewatercanbeeffected（实现，达到）inareceiverfittedwith（配有）anoverflow溢流.,Itisthenpossibletodehydraterelativelylargequantitiesofbariumhydroxidehydratewiththeaidofaconstantquantityofsolvent.,Inthecaseofbariumhydroxideoctahydrateasolventmustbeselectedwhichhasaboilingpointnearthecongruentmeltingpointof78，andanazeotropicboilingpoint（共沸点）whichisbelowthismeltingpoint.,Theprocessofdehydrationcanbediscontinuedwhenadesiredquantityofwaterhasbeenremovedsothatbariumhydroxidesinanydesiredstageofhydrationcanthusbeobtained.,Forlowerhydratesofbariumhydroxidetheselectionofasuitablesolventisnotdeterminedinabovemanner,andtheboilingpointsofthepuresolventandoftheazeotropicmixtureshouldbeaboveandascloseaspossiblerespectivelytotheboilingpointofwater.,Inanalternativeprocedureofheatingthebariumhydroxidehydrateswithanorganicsolvent,thewaterofcrystallizationisremovedbydigestion（蒸煮）,inananhydrousorganicsolventorsolventmixturewhichischemicallyinertwithrespectto（关于）bariumhydroxidebutmiscible（易混合的）intheliquidphasewithwaterinanyproportion,theprocessbeingperformedatatemperatureabovethecongruentmeltingpointofthebariumhydroxideoctahydrateandbelowtheboilingpointofthesolventorsolventmixture.,Ithasbeenproposedtodryaqueouspastesorsludgesconsistingoffineparticlesofhydrophobicsolids,byamethodwhichconsistsin（在于，是）mixingthepasteswithasecondliquidwhichissubstantiallyimmisciblewithwaterandwhichhasagreateradhesiveaffinity（亲和力）withthesolidthanthewater,andthenseparatingthesolidfromitswaterbythedisplacementofthewater,thesecondliquidbeingthenremovedbyevaporation（蒸发）untilthepasteisdry.,Suitabledisplacingliquidsareforinstancetolueneorotherbenzenehomologues（苯的同系物）,aswellasvariouschloro-hydrocarbon（氯代烃）.,Themajorproportionoftheadhesivelybound（黏附束缚的）waterisremovedfromtheaqueouspastesaftertheirflowability（流动性）haspossiblyfirstbeenimprovedbytheadditionoffurtherwater,thewaterbeingdisplacedbythesecondliquidandseparatedwithouttheapplicationofheat,forinstancebyfiltration（过滤）.,Smallresiduesofwaterstillattachedbythehydrophobicsolidareazeotropicallydistilledofftogetherwiththesecondliquid.,Theobjectofthemethodistodryotherwise（另外）difficultlydryingaqueouspastes对难于干燥的含水糊状物进行干燥consistingoffineparticlesofhydropholicsolidsbyutilizingthehigherwettingstrength湿润强度ofthesecondliquidinrelationtowater,themethodatthesametimeaffording（提供）economiesintheconsumptionofthermalenergy.,Incontradistinction（与此不同）thereto另外thepresentmethodrelatestodehydration,thatistosay（也就是说）totheremovalofwaterofcrystallizationfrombariumhydroxidehydrates,whichisboundbycovalentbondsandinpractice（实际上）producescompoundsofdistinctiveproperties.Dehydrationisperformedwhilst同时heatingthedryhydratedinitialsubstance,eitherbyazeotropicdistillationofthewaterofcrystallizationwithasolventknowntobesuitableforsuchapurpose,orbydigestionatagiventemperatureinananhydrousorganicsolventwhichismisciblewithwaterinanyproportions,andthenfiltering.,Theobjectaswellasthemannerofperformingthetwomethodsarethereforedifferent.Thepresentinventionwillnowbeillustratebythefollowingexamples:,EXAMPLE1,150gBa(OH)2.8H2Owereslowlyheated,whilstbeingstirred（当搅拌的时候）,with500cc.Benzeneunderreflux(回流)withareceiverfittedwithanoverflow.,Attheboilingtemperatureviz.（即）69.3oC.oftheazeotropicmixtureofbenzeneandwater,thefirstdistillate（最初的馏分）appeared.,Attheendof90minutesaquantityofwaterrepresenting7moleculesofwaterofcrystallizationhadcollectedinthereceiver.Inthecourseoffurtherheatingthetemperatureroseto80.2oC.NotuntilfreshBa(OH)2.8H2Ohadbeenaddeddidthetemperaturedropandtheprocessofdehydrationcontinue.,Finallythebenzenesuspension（悬浮液）ofthebariumhydroxidewhichhadbeendehydratedtothemonohydratewasdrained(排出)andfiltered,adheringbenzenebeingremovedfromthesubstancebybriefevacuation（抽真空）.,Thebenzenefiltrate（滤液）wasimmediately（直接地）re-usedforfurtherdehydration.,EXAMPLE2,100gofthebariumhydroxidemonohydrate（Ba(OH)2.H2O）obtainedinaccordancewith（依照）Example1wastreatedwith300cc(cubiccentimeter)oftolueneinthesamemannerasthatdescribedabove.,Dehydrationcouldnowbecontinuedtocompletionandananhydrousbariumhydroxideobtained.Theboilingtemperatureoftheazeotropictolueneandwatermixturewas84.1oC.,EXAMPLE3,50g.Ba(OH)2.8H2Oweredigestedin1000cc.ofanhydrousdioxane无水二氧杂环乙烷at80oC,themixturebeingvigorouslystirred.Attheendofonehourthemixturewasfiltered.Thebariumhydroxideappearedintheformofthemonohydrate.,四、答疑,一般情况下，争对学生提出的问题进行个别答疑。,1.TranslatethetechnicaltermsinthetextintoChinesebyreferringtorelevantdictionaries.2.PleaseanswerthetenquestionsmentionedaboveinbothEnglishandChinese.,五、课后作业,预习内容：销售合同(SalesContract),复习内容：1、复习和整理本课文的专业词汇；2、本课文的阅读理解。,六、课堂练习,1、根据上次课的内容，回答下列问题：,（1）期刊名，年、卷、页；（2）作者和作者的单位，通讯联系人的地址和EMAIL地址；（3）文章的标题（4）出版社,2、将论文的摘要和结论翻译成中文。,Anovelmethodforthep