英语写作之Lecture-7argumentation

Lecture7Argumentation,ConceptandBasicStructure,议论文的概念议论文就是运用一定的材料，通过一定的论证方法来表明自己的立场、观点和态度的文章。议论文与说明文密切相关。二者的相似之处在于：都有说理成分，都是解释某个事实或某个思想的文体。区别：说明文是客观的解释说明某一事物、观点等。而议论文则通过作者主观上的说理和论证来影响读者的思想和行动。议论文要有三部分构成:论点、论据和论证。,议论文的标题议论文的标题必须反映出议论的主题或作者的论点。所以，常用以下几种形式的标题：1）疑问句：这类标题本身就体现了争论的焦点。例如：WhoInfluenceYoungChildrenMost?IsaTestofSpokenEnglishNecessary?CanMoneyBuyHappiness?2）陈述句：这类标题本身就是议论文的论点。例如：ParentsAreSpoilingTheirChildren,RockMusicIsRottingOurKidsMind等。3）名词短语：这类标题没体现出论点，而是只提供了引论的主题。例如：ComputerGames,PositiveandNegativeAspectsofSports,MyViewontheNegativeEffectsofSomeAdvertisements等。4）介词短语：这类标题通常由介词on,toward等引出议论的话题。例如：OnReading,TowardaGoodTeacher-StudentRelationship等。,议论文的要素之一论点任何一篇议论文必须有论点。议论文的论点是指作者在文章中所表明的主张、见解或观点，它是议论文的核心内容，是议论文的纲。议论文对论点的要求是：正确、鲜明、新颖。议论文的论点通常用Ibelieve,asfarasImconcerned,inmyopinion,tomymind,however,yet,unfortunately等词语引出。有时，作者不使用这些词语，而是直接表达自己的观点。,1）议论文的论点必须是可争辩的。例如，Idontthinkeuthanasiaishumane和Ibelievethatissuinglotteryticketsisagoodwaytocollectfundsforsocialwelfareprojects都是可争议的论点。相反，事实、个人偏爱、或已被科学证实为人们普遍接受的观点通常都是不可争辩的，因此不是好的论点。例如，languageisatoolforcommunication,myfavoritefoodisfish,pollutionisharmfultopeopleshealth都不适合做论点。,请看以下分析：a.Ithink,inChina,theexaminationscoreisregardedasimportantinmakingadecision.b.Inmyopinion,itisnoteasytoachievesuccess.c.Tomymind,taxishavebecomeanimportanttransportationmeans.d.Ithinkcooperationisveryimportantinourwork.e.Ibelieveweshouldhavemorefastfoodrestaurantsinbigcities.,2）论点必须鲜明，不能含含糊糊在开始学习议论文写作时，最好把论点放在开头，因为这样做能达到开宗明义、开门见山的效果，也为后面的论述创造条件。尤其是在考试中，一篇议论文的字数不多，应尽快地摆出论点，使文章中心明确，更应该把论点置于文章的开头。议论文开头的写法也不是千篇一律。以下是常用的几种方法：,开门见山：文章一开始就提出作者的观点。比如，在写一篇题为WhyDoWeStudyEnglish?的议论文时，可以直接开门见山：WestudyEnglishtocommunicatewithmorepeople,notjusttopassthevariousEnglishtests.,设问作答：这种方法是先提出一个问题，让人思索，不等找到答案，论点自然道出。同样是以上题目，也可以这样引出论点：WhydowestudyEnglish?DowestudyEnglishtopassthetests?DowestudyEnglishbecausewelikeit?Afterreflectingonthesequestions,IhaverealizedthatwestudyEnglishforseveralreasons.,引用入题：先引述名言或当事人的话语，再联系自己做一番发挥，提出论点。以上题目，也可以这样引出论点：Manyyearsago,EnglishwriterRudyardKiplingsaid,“EastisEast,andWestisWestandneverthetwainshallmeet.”Buttruthis,nowadaysEasternersandWesternersmeetquiteoften,议论文的要素之二论据论据是论证过程必备的手段。没有论据的论证空洞无物，形似枯槁。论据的来源有：事实依据（例证法）、数据显示、名言警句、格言、科学理论、专家见解等。,议论文的要素之三论证通过一定的逻辑思维能力和语言表达能力，将论据组织起来，达到证明观点的效果。论证过程应做到：有理有据，逻辑清晰，层次分明，观点明确。论证方法有：（1）归纳法：从个别到一般。通过考察一类事物中某些对象或全部对象具有的特性，推断出该类事物都有这一属性。（2）演绎法：与归纳法相反，是由一般到个别。是从既有的普遍性结论或一般性事理，推导出个别性结论的一种方法。（3）驳论法：首先给出一个谬误的观点，然后加以批驳，最后确立自己的观点。,议论文的四大类型根据论述的方法和角度，议论文大致可分为四种类型：对立观点型、问题解决型、说明利弊型和阐述主题型。,1）观点对立型议论文,基本步骤：引出话题摆出观点我的观点。还可细分为：1.1引出话题摆出一种观点表明我与之相对的另一种观点1.2引出话题分别提出两种观点表明我同意其中一种观点并说明1.3引出话题分别提出了两种观点表明任何一种观点我都不同意并提出自己的观点.注意：倘若选择上面1.1或1.3的模式，那么可以在第二部分里留有足够的“谬论”空间，以便自己在后面加以反驳并建立自己的观点。若选择1.2模式，注意在第二部分写到自己同意的一方的观点时不要着墨太多，而应当把充分的文字语言流到第三部分加强自己的论证。以避免论据的重复。,采用句型：引出话题1)hasbecomeahottopicamongpeoplerecently.Opinionsvaryfrompersontoperson.2)Nowadays,peoplearedividedonthequestionastowhether3)Differentpeoplehavedifferentviewson4)Theissueofwhetherornothasbeenwidelyarguedcurrently.摆出观点1)Somepeoplesuggest/holdtheopinionthatHowever/whileotherpeopleholdadifferentpointofview.2)Whenitcomesto,somepeoplethink/believethatHowever/whileothersclaimthattheopposite/reverseistrue.3)Nowadays,anoverwhelmingmajorityofpeoplethinkthatNevertheless,therearestillsomepeopleholdtheopinionthat我的观点1)AsfarasIamconcerned,Iwouldliketoagreetotheformertosomeextent.2)Astome/Formypart,Iwouldliketoagreetotheformertosomeextent.3)Inmyopinion,bothsidesarepartlylike.Whenwe,weshouldtakeintoconsiderationallaspectsoftheproblemsandthenmaketherightdecision.,真题演练（00年6月）IsaTestofSpokenEnglishNecessary?1、很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是，2、也有人持不同意见,3、我的看法和打算Positive:basicpartofthelanguageassessonesabilityimprovestudentsoralEnglishChinasentryintoWTONegative:addstudentsstudyloadwrittenEnglishisenoughunnecessaryifnotworkinforeignenterprisesinvolvesalotofsubjectiveelements,2）问题解决型议论文,问题解决型议论文是遵循：提出问题分析问题解决问题的基本步骤进行的。审题时要弄清什么样的现象，第二部分要给出具体原因，第三部分给出相应对策。为了使文章有序，最好用firstly,secondly,finallyetc.的过渡词。,采用句型：描述问题1)Althoughhasbroughtconveniencetous,manypeoplehavebeguntorealizethatitisthesourceoftroubleaswell.2)Inrecentyears,manycities/nations/peoplehavebeenfaced/troubledwiththeseriousproblemof3)Withtheincreasinglyrapideconomicglobalizationandurbanization,moreproblemsarebroughttoourattention.4)ThankstoChinasreformandopening-uppolicy,thepasttwodecadeshavewitnessedgreateconomicdevelopmentandsocialtransformation.5)Withtherapiddevelopment/improvementofeconomy,greatchangeshavetakenplacein6)Thereisnodenyingthefactthathasbecomethemostconcernamongpeoplenowadays.7)Recentlytheproblem/phenomenon/issueofwasbroughtintofocus/hasbecomeaheatedtopic/hasarousedgreatconcernamong.分析问题1)Whathaspossiblyled/contributedtothisproblem?Inthefirstplace,.2)Perhapsthemostimportant/mainreasonis.3)Itisnoeasyjobtoidentifythereasonfor,whichinvolvesseveralcomplicatedfactors.Forsome,Forothers,解决问题1)ThefirstkeyfactortosolvethisproblemAnotherkeyfactoris2)Peoplehavefoundmanysolution/approachestodealingwiththisproblem.3)Thenhowshouldwesolvethisproblem?Herearesomesuggestionwhichmaybesomeofhelp.4)Facedwithweshouldtakeaseriesofeffectivemeasurestocopewiththesituation.5)ItishightimeHereareafewexamplesthatmightbetakenimmediately.6)Weneedittakeafreshlookatthismatter/situationinanewperspective.Otherwise,wewontcomeanywherenearsolvingit.7)Itisessential/indispensable/thatproperaction/effectivemeasuresshouldbetakentoreversethissituation/trend.,真题演练(04年1月)ReduceWasteonCampus1目前有些校园内浪费现象严重：2浪费的危害：3从我做起，杜绝浪费。Wasteoncampus:buymuchmorefoodwaterdrippingdumptheleftoverblankpaperBadeffect:energycriseswatershortageReducewaste:agoodvirtuetoavoidwastethriftypeoplearerespected,3）说明利弊型议论文,这种是针对某一事物或现象从正反两方面分析他的优缺点，然后表明自己的看法，此类作文一般可以写成“三段式”或“四段式”的文章。具体写作步骤：描述现象表明其优点说明其缺点我的看法或观点。,采用句型：描述现象(同上）表明优点1)Thereareseveraladvantagesin/ofThebiggestadvantageisthatMoreover,Finally,2)hasapositiveimpact/effectonpeopleslives.3)isplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinpeopleslives.4)Thosewhoinfavorofclaimthatithasalotofadvantages.Foronething,Foranother说明缺点1)However,justlikeanythingelse,hasitsnegativesideaswell.2)Ofcourse,thedisadvantagescannotbeignored.3)However,justaseverythinghastwosides,alsohasmanydisadvantages.4)However,thenegativeaspectsarealsoobvious/evident.Tobeginwith,Tomakemattersworse,Worstofall,我的看法1)Astome,Ithinktheadvantagescarrymoreweightthanthedisadvantages.2)Anyway,Istillbelievehasmoreadvantagesthandisadvantages.3)Butforme,Ithinkwhatismoreimportantisitspositiveside.,真题演练AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofElectronicDictionary1目前越来越多的学生开始使用电子字典2电子辞典的优点3电子辞典的缺点4.我的看法。Advantages:convenientandcheapgetthemeaningsofwordsquicklyclearpronunciationprovidesamplesentencesDisadvantages:studentsrelytoomuchonitnotaccurateorcompletefalseadvicesMyview:makeproperusehelpful,4）阐述主题型议论文,阐述型议论文主要就某一问题正面阐述自己的观点，说明自己的理由。阐述主题型议论文写作步骤：a.揭示成语、谚语、格言的蕴义以例证展开论证结论（号召或建议）b.引出主题按照提纲要求进一步分析主题结论（联系实际给出建议）。这种题型大多是带有说明色彩的议论文，它要求考生从一句话或一个主题出发，阐述其内涵，说明其重要性并以自己的观点或自身经验结尾。,采用句型：描述现象(同上）我的看法1)Inmymind,Iwelcomethispracticewithapplause.2)Personally,Ithinkthisquestionshouldbeprobedindepth.3)Althoughitiswidelyaccepted,Iholdaoppositeopinionthat结论1)Allinall,wecansafelycometotheconclusionthat.2)Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wecanseeclearlythat.,真题演练FamilyandPersonalDevelopment1不同的家庭对个人成长有不同的影响2理想的家应该是一个3结论Differentinfluences:happyfamilyunhappyfamilycheerfulmiserablelessenthetensionandpressureAnidealfamily:happyandunitedwarmthandhelpseekcomfortasourceoflaughterImportance:playsaveryimportantrolethewholesocietywillbestable,图表式议论文包括描述和议论两部分。因此行文应包括以下两部分：,描述图表，尽量清楚明确地反映出图表中数据变化的主要特征和趋势。分析问题，根据图表所反映的问题加以说明、分析和评论。,tips,描述图表，对表格、图形、数据、分类、百分比等了解清楚以及这些数据说明的问题。注意用数字获取信息，将数字变成文字，加叙述。从图表看发展变化的趋势，找出特点、规律。适当引用图表数据，使文章“由图而发”，言之有据。根据图表分析原因，发表议论，提出自己的看法。基于图表所给事实，自然推导出具有说服力的结论。,图表作文,Step1:开头句,Asisshowninthegraph,thenumberofFromthegraph,weknowthestatisticsofAccordingtothetable/graph/chart/diagram,Ascanbeseenfromthetable,Ashasbeenstatedinthegraph/table,Thefigures/statisticsinthechartshow/reflectthatItisclear/apparentfromthechartthat,ThenumberofincreasedsuddenlyfromtoTherewasasuddenincreaseinfromtoThenumberofremainedstable,Step2:总体描写变化趋势,Step3:分开描写最大、最小、中间,OnthetopofthelistisA,whichtakesup%AtthebottomisB,whichaccountsfor%BissecondtoAAisranked/ratedfirst,followedbyBat%andCat%Thesituation/figuresreachedapeakat%inThesituation/figuresbottomedoutat%inAistwice/threetimesasmuch/manyasinFromto,Aincreased/droppedmorethansixfold,Step4:分析原因,Step5:得出结论(你的观点及看法),常用词组,动词,rise,climb,goup,grow,increasefall,decline,decrease,drop,godownlevelout,leveloff,notchange,remainsteadyreachthehighestlevel,hitthehighestpeak,名词：adownwardtrend,anupwardtrend,arapidincrease/decrease,副词：suddenly,rapidly,dramatically,substantially,considerable,sharply,steeply,gradually,steadily,slowly,slightly,（1）近十几年，旅游人数不断增长，下表反映国外游、国内游等人数变化情况（2）分析旅游人数不断变化的原因。,Ascanbeseenfromthetable,thepastdecadeshavewitnesseddramaticchangesinthewaypeoplespenttheirholidayfrom1970to2000.In1970,76%ofpeoplechosetostayathome,whilethefiguredroppedconsiderablyto14%in2000.Itsobviousfromthetablethatpeopletendedtobemoreandmoremobileandenthusiastictogetentertainmentfromtheoutsideworld.,Whatcontributedtothesechanges?Tostartwith,peoplebecomericherthanbeforeandthelifelevelhasrisenup.Theyareabletoaffordmoneyfortravelinghomeandabroad.Secondly,governmentisadvocatingtourismbusinessfortourismmakesupanimportantpartofGeneralDomesticProducts.Thirdly,Travelagencieshavecutdownthepricesandtakenvariousfavorablepoliciestoattracttravelers.Fourthly,peoplefinditimportanttogetwell-informedabouttheoutsideworldinthisnewerawheneverythingisonthemove.Besides,itsaneffectivewayforworkingpeopletoreleasethegreatstressinthiscompetitivesociety.Atlast,bytravelingoutside,peopleareclosetonature,whichisnotonlybeneficialtoboththeirhealthandpeaceofmind.,Inconclusion,peoplenowprefertotravelratherthanstayathome.Andthistrendseemstobelastingintheforeseeablefuture.,预测之二：（问题解决型议论文）Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicCyberCrimes.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:,1)随着互联网的普及和应用，网络犯罪开始摆在