北美范文A分类模板

北美范文A分类模板错误类比19.(错误类比或草率推广)Even if Ad Libs serves are necessary tochieve the manages goal, it is entirely possible that the experiences/measures/policy in AAd Libs service would not suffice to ensure similar the result in B sucesselsewheredue to the sort of factors mentioned above that might have contributed tothe result inA the Megalopolis success but would not come into play in other cities.152.The mere fact that on nearbyBatia replenishing beach sand has served to protect shore-line buildings is scant evidencethat Tria would achieve its goals by following Batias example. Perhaps the same course of action would be ineffectiveon Tria due togeological differences between the two islands. Or perhaps Batia is in a far betterposition than Tria financially to replenish its sand on a continual basis. Inshort, lackingevidence that conditions on the two islands are relevantly similar,the author cannot convince me on the basis of Batias experience that the proposed courseof action would be effective in attaining Trias goals.155.The editorial continues by claiming thatlistening to audiocassettes will make children better readers beacusewhen parents read aloud to their children these children become better readers.This argument byanalogy is wholly unpersuasive. The latter allows for interaction between parentand child, whilethe former does not. The latter allows for the child to view writtenwords as the parent readsthat is, to readwhile the former does not. Besides, commonsense and experience tell us that audiocassettes, which provide forpassive listening, are likely to serve as crutches that dissuade children fromactive readinginstead of encouraging them to read.160.A threshold problem with the argument isthat it assumesthat what improves memory and learning in rats will also improve memory andlearning inhumans. Although this is entirely possible, the argument provides noevidence to support this assumption. Withoutsuch evidence the argument can be rejected out of hand.162.The argument assumesthat the difference in soyconsumption is the only possible explanation for this disparity in the occurrence of fatigue and depression. Yet theargument fails to substantiate this assumption. Common sence informs me that any one of a myriad of otherdifferencesenvironmental, dietary, and geneticmight explain why North Americans suffer from these problems to agreat extent than asians do. Without considering and ruling out alternativereasons for this disparity, the arguments conclusion that soy is the key to the disparity isindefensible.168.Even assuming that the survey data accurately reflect the auto industry, theargument unfairly assumes that supervision affects worker productivity similarlyat PPC. Perhaps PPC employs certain unique equipment orprocesses that require close worker supervisioneven for older, moreexperienced workers. For that matter同样 pehaps youth or inexperienced is anadvantage in working productivelyat PPC, whereas inthe auto industry either is a disadvantage. In short, without accounting for possibledifferences between PPC andauto manufacturers the director cannot convince me thathisrecommendation for PPC is sound.210.The argument depends on the hasty assumption that the kinds of tasks robots perform in space are similar to the ones they wouldperform in factories, and that there are no differences between the two environments that would renderrobots less effective in factory jobs than in space missions. Perhapsthe effectiveness of robots in space missions is due largely to the weightlessenvironment of space. Or perhaps the average space-mission robotperforms less work than a typical factory robot would be required to work. In either case, thefact that robots are effective in space would amount to scant support for the authorsargument.214.(错误类比及总量和比例混淆)A Third assumption upon which the argument rests is that thepercentage of residents who attend public schools is about the samein both cities. The argument indicates only that the total population of the two cities isabout the same. If a comparatively small percentage of Blue Cityresidents attend public schools, then the comparatively small amount of money BlueCity devotes to those schools might be well justified despite an equal level ofconcern about the quality of public-school education among residents in the twocities.整体规律用于个体23.The nationwide study showing clear trends among two-income families toward dining out and eating healthily does notnecessarily apply to Bay City. It is quite possible that Bay Citys two-incomefamilies do notfollow these gereral trends. For that matter, in Bay City the trend might be just the opposite.Thus, thenationwide trends that the argument cites amount to scant evidence thatBay City residents in particular would frequent a new seafood restaurant intheir city.148.The author unfairly assumes that the nationwide tendencyapplies specifically to Monroetown residents. Lacking evidence that Monroetownvoters reflectthis general tendency, it is entirely possible that Monreotown residentsvote strictly according to their position on the issues.For thatmatter(同样), it is possible thatMonreotown voters tend strongly to vote against incunbent, in which case theauthors claim that Monreotown residents oppose Browns proposal would moreflagrantly fly in the face of the election results.单个事例说明整体19.Even assuming that either DRs popularityor AD Lids campaign, or both, were responsible for the Megalopolis success,the managers calimthat this success can be repeated elsewhere might nevertheless be unwarranted.Megalopolis mightnot be representative of most cities in which DR plans to appearinany one of various ways that would adversely impact ticket sales in othercities. Forinstance, perhaps DR hails from Megalopolis and has far more fans inMegalopolis than any other city. Or, perhaps the kind of ad campaign that is Ad Libsspecialty, although effective in Megalopolis, would not be effective in mostcities.150.Even if I were to concede thatpollution caused Yosemites amphibian decline, this single sample is insufficient to draw anygeneral conclusion about the reason for a worldwide amphibiandecline. It isentirely possible that the cause-and-effect relationship in Yosemiteare not typical of the world in general. Without additional samples from diverse geographiclocations, I cannot accept the authors sweeping generalization about thedecline of amphibian and global pollution.176.The memo unfairly assumes that sinceVenadial is popular in Alta it will also be popular in other countries. Consumer tastesin foods like margarine, as well as concerns about health matters such ascholesterol level, vary widely from country to country. It is quitepossible that consumers in Alta enjoy the taste of Venadial morethan other consumers would, or that consumers in Alta are more concerned than the average personabout cholesterol level and heart attack. Since the memo provides no evidence that tastesand health concerns of Alta consumers are representative of those of people generally,the sales directors conclusion that Venadial will be popular elsewhere isunjustifiable, at least based on the memo.没有考虑其他影响因素11.The argument overlooks the strong possibility that the recycling habits of West Egg residents are not the only factor affecting howquickly the landfill will reach capacity. Other such factors might include population anddemographic shifts, the habits of people from outside West Egg whose trash alsofeeds the landfill, and the availability of alternative disposal methods suchas burning. Thus,regardless of the recycling efforts West Egg residents the landfill mightnevertheless reach full capacity by the date originally forecast. 18.The argument assumes that all other factorsaffecting highway accident rates have remained unchanged since thecounty lowered its speed limit. Yet the author fails to provide evidence tosupport this assumption. It is entirely possible that the lower speed limit does in fact serveto reduce the accident rate, while some other factor, such as unseasonably poorweather, reduced law enforcement measures, or even an influx of teenage driversto the area, hasserved to increase the accident rate. Without considering and ruling out these andother factors that might have served to increase the accident ratesince the speed limit was lowered, the author cannot justifiably conclude that thissafety effort has failed.19.The manager also overlooks the possibility that one or morefactors other than Ad Libs efforts or DRs popularity were insteadresponsible for the Megalopolis success. For instance, perhaps DR shared thebill at the concert with another band, whose appearance was the actual reasonfor the concerts success. If so, this fact would seriously weaken the managers claimthat the Megalopolis success is attributable to Ad Libs efforts andto DRs popularity in Megalopoliswhether or not that popularity resulted formAd Libs campaign.150.Even if I concede that theintroduction of trout was not the cause of Yosemites amphibian decline, the author providesno evidence that the decline was caused by pollutionrather than some other phenomenon. Perhaps someother environmental factor was instead the cause. Without ruling outall other possible explanations the author cannot convince me that pollution isthe cause of the worldwide amphibian declineor even the decline in Yosemitealone.156.Even if Megas attendees are involved insales and customer relations, the ad unfarily assumes that the improvement in Megassales must beattribute to the seminar. Perhaps the improvement in sales was the result ofincreasing product demand, new pricing policies, decreased competition, or any one of amyriad of other possible developments. For that matter, perhapsMegas new employees as a group already possessed exceptional interpersonalskills, andtherefore Megas sales and customer relations would have improvedduring the ensuring months regardless of the seminar. Since the ad fails to consider and rule outthese and other alternative explanations for the improvements atMega, I find the ads claim that the Dickens seminar should receive creditunconvincing.160.A third problem with the argument is that it assumes thatlearning and memory are the only significant factors affectingperformance in school. Common sense and experience tell us this is not the case, anda variety of other factors, such as motivation and natural ability, also play majorroles. Thus, the compounds might very well turn out to be largelyineffective.162.The argument assumes that the difference in soyconsumption isthe only possible explanation for this disparity in the occurrenceof fatigue and depression. Yet the argument fails to substantiate this assumption.Common sense informs me that any one of a myriad of other differencesenvironmental,dietary, and geneticmight explain why North Americans suffer from these problems to agreater extent than Asian do. Without considering and ruling outalternative reasons for this disparity, the arguments conclusion that soy is the key tothe disparity isindefensible.168.The argument also overlooks many other possible explanationsfor the comparatively low incidenceof hip fractures among this group of women. For example, perhaps these women were more physically fit thanaverage to begin with. Or perhaps the nursing homes where the group resided provided specialsafeguards against accidental injuries that are not ordinarily for most elderlypeople. Or perhapsFrench people are less susceptible to bone loss than other people aredueperhaps to cultural dietary habits or genetic predisposition. For thatmatter, perhaps women aregenetically less disposed to lose bone mass than men are. Any ofthese scenarios, if ture, would undermine the conclusion that the lower incidence of hip fractures wasattribute to the additional vitamin D and calcium.221.A third problem with the argument is that it unfairly infersthat the proposed course ofcation is the only means of achieving the desired result. The letters author overlooks other possible means of ensuring that social-science students findimmediate employmentsuch as co-op programs, job seminars, and so forth. Without ruling out alternative means of achievingthe same goal, the author cannot convince me that the proposed course of action is needed.224.The authors conclusion that Riedeburg is “the best-qualified candidate” raisestwo problems in itself. First,regardless of Riedeburgsrecord as governor it is entirely possible that one or more other candidates are actuallybetter qualified. Second, the letter fails to adequately define what makes a candidate for state governorqualified. Withoutindicating what the ideal qualifications would be and rulingout the possibility that anothercandidate better meets these qualifications, the author cannot make a convincingcase that Riedeburg is thebest-qualified candidate.236.The article failsto consider any other course of action that might help Beauville attain the same economic goals. Perhaps by improving its schools or hospitals, or by reducing itcrime rate, Beauville can just as quickly and effectively attract newbusinesses and achieve its economic objectives. In short, without weighing theproposal against alternatives, thearticles claim that theproposed incentives are the “best” means of achieving Beauvilles objectives iswholly unconvinving. 盈利问题23.Even if Bay City families flockto the new seafood restaurant, the restaruant would not necessarily be profitable as aresult. Profitability is a function of both revenue and expense.Thus, it isentirely possible that the restaurants costs of obtainting high-quality,healthful seafood, or of promoting the new restaurant, might render it unprofitable despite itspopularity. Withoutweighing revenue against expenses the arguments conclusion ispremature at best.176.Even if Venadial is shownconclusively to carry the touted health benefits and to be popular worldwide,Healthy-and-Good will not necessarily earn a substantial profit by acquiringinternational rights to sell Venadial. The memo provides no information about the costsinvolved in manufacturing and distributing Venadialonly that isderived from pine-tree resin and has been produced only in Alta. PerhapsVenadial can be derived only from certain pine trees located in Alta andsurrounding regions. If so, then the costs of procuring Venadial might prevent thecompany from earning a profit. In short, without more information about supply, demand, and production costs, it is impossible to determine whether the company can earna profit from acquiring international rights to sell Venadial.非充要条件19.In concluding that DR must hireAd Lib in order to ensure similar success throughout the country, the manager assumes thatAd Libs services are both necessary andsufficient for this purpose. Yet the manager hasnot provided any evidence to substantiate either assumption. Lackingsuch evidence, itis just as likely that some other ad agency would be equally or moreeffective. Evenif Ad Libs services are necessary to achieve the managers goal, it is entirelypossible that Ad Libs services would not suffice to ensure similarsuccess elsewheredue to the sort of factors mentioned above that might havecontributed to the Megalopolis success but would not come into play in othercities.192.Although a merger might benecessary to eliminate current confusion about which authority to contact forservices, the editorial overlooks the possibility that the merger will not in itselfsuffice to eliminate this confusion. Specifically, until the residents ofboth communities are apprised of the change and learn how to respondappropriately, confusion will continueand perhaps even increase in the shortterm. Thus,some measure of community awareness and responsiveness might also be required for theelimination of confusion. 非此即彼148.Theargument suffers from “either-or” reasoning. Based on the fact that Monroetown residents areopposed to Browns proposed tax cut, the authorunfairly concludes that they must be in favor of Greens proposal. However, the author overlooks the possibility thatMonroetown residents are not in favor either proposal.比例与总量混淆23.A 30% increase in seafood consumption at Bay City restaurants does notnecessarily indicate a sufficient demand for a new Bay City restaurant servingseafood dishes only. Although a 30%increase seems significant, the actual level of consumption might nevertheless be very low. This scenario is quite possible, especially considering thatthere are currently no seafood restaurants in Bay City. Lacking evidence that asignificant number of the citys restaurant patrons are ordering seafood, the arguments conclusion that a new seafoodrestaurant would be popular and profitable isunjustified.203.The mere fact that the Saluda hospital receives fewer patient complaintsthan Megavilles hospital provesnothing about either efficiencyor quality of care. Eventhough the number of complaints is smaller, thepercentage of patientscomplaining might be higher. Also, Megavilles staff might openlyencourage patient feedback while Saludas does not. This scenarios with myobservation that for-profit orgnizations are generally more concerned withcustomer satisfaction than non-profit organizations are.214.One such assumption is that the totalbudget for the two cities is about the same.It is entirely possible that Blue Citys total budget is no more than half thatof Parson City. If so, then the fact thatBlue City budgets only half as much as Parson City for its public schools would suggest at least the same degree of careabout public-school education among Blue Citys residents as among Parsonsresidents.对比实验问题167.Another fundamental problem is that the speakeromits to in