Grammarandusage

Unit1,Grammarandusage,什么是非谓语动词？,非谓语动词的三种形式,非谓语动词在句子中的作用,作主语动词不定式作主语Toseeistobelieve.Torecoverlosttimeisimpossible.,Itis/was+adj.+(for/ofsb.)todosth.,Itisimpossibletocovelosttime.Itisveryfriendlyofyoutoinviteustoyourbirthdayparty.,单个不定式作主语时,谓语动词用单数若不定式太长,往往用it作形式主语,不定式置后,Becareful!,动名词作主语FightingbrokeoutbetweentheSouthandtheNorth.,Itis/was+(no)adj.+doingsth.,e.g.Itsnouselearninglotsofwordswithoutknowinghowtousethem.But:Itisnotuseful/goodtodosth.Itisuse/goodforsb.todosth.,动词不定式作主语和动名词作主语的区别：,不定式作主语常表示具体的某一动作；动名词作主语表示泛指或一般的抽象概念,在there/it+be+nouse/good/help/need之后常用动名词作主语,不定式可以和when/where/how/what/whether等连用，在句中作主语、宾语和表语，而动名词则不能,高考链接：_isagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.ThewalkB.WalkingC.TowalkD.Walk,二作宾语动词不定式作宾语Hedecidedtoworkharderinordertocatchupwiththeothers.Irefusetoacceptwhateveryoubuyforme.,记忆口诀：,决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装，主动应答选计划，同意请求帮一帮。,decide/determine,learn,want,hope/expect/wish,refuse,manage,care,pretend,offer,promise,choose,plan,agree,ask/beg,help,高考链接：Weagreed_here,butsofarshehasntturnedupyet.A.havingmetB.meetingC.tomeetD.tohavemet,动名词作宾语e.g.Iwouldappreciateyoucallingbacktonight.Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.HearingwhathappenedinSichuan,manypeoplecouldnthelpcrying.,记忆口诀：,考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想，避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏，禁止想象才冒险，不禁建议准逃亡。,consider,suggest/advise,lookforwardto,excuse/pardonadmit,delay/putoff,fancy,avoid,misskeep/keepon,practisedeny,finish,enjoy/appreciate,forbid,imaging,risk,canthelp,mind,allow/permit,escape,某些特殊动词：forget,remember,regret,stop,try,mean,goon,cease,Want,need,require,高考链接：Thelightintheofficeisstillon.Oh,Iforgot_.turningitoffB.turningitoffC.toturnitoffD.havingturneditoff2.Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.Well,nowIregret_that.A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone,三作宾补动词不定式作宾补,V1+sb.+todosth.,ask/require/tell/order/force/get/want/like/think/judge/suppose/believe/consider/imagine/callon/dependon/waitfor/askfor,V2+sb.+dosth.,感官动词：see,watch,observe,notice,lookat,hear,listen,smell,taste,feel使役动词：have，make，let“五看三使二听二味一感觉”YoudonthavetomakePaullearnFrench.PauldoesnthavetobemadetolearnFrench.某些动词真奇怪，to来to去令人猜；主动语态to离开，被动语态to回来。,不定式用在介词but,except,besides后时如果这些介词前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to,相反则带to。,(1)Shecoulddonothingbutcry.(2)Ihavenochoicebuttogo.(3)Whatdoyouliketodobesidessleep.,Becareful!,动名词作宾补,V+sb.+doingsth.,IsawMarylyingonbed,crying,whenIranintotheclassroom.Howcouldyoukeepsuchalittleboyworkinglongday?Motherfoundtheboysmokinginthecorner.Onthegrass-coveredslopes,onecouldseesheepandcattlegrazingpeacefully.,过去分词作宾补,V+sb./sth.+donesth.,Ineedthischapterrewrittenbeforetomorrow.Arrivingatthestation,wefoundthetraingonealready.,四作定语动词不定式作定语1.表示将要发生的动作。Hehasnowishtoseeher.(表主动)他并不想见她。Thepowerstationtobebuiltnextyearwillbeofgreatvaluetothepeople.(表被动)明年将修建的发电站将对人们有利。,2.在序数词、形容词最高级、thefirst，thelast,theonly等修饰的名词后作定语。Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.他总是第一个来最后一个走。3.若作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者及物动词与被修饰的词不能构成动宾关系时，则不定式动词后须加上适当的介词。Heislookingforaroomtolivein.他正在找房子住。,4.一个带有宾语的动词不定式短语作定语修饰名词时，为了使句意完整，须加一个相应的介词。WhenIhandedthereporttoJohn，hesaidthatTomwasthepersontosenditto.当我把报告交给约翰时，他说我应该把报告交给汤姆。,动名词作定语1.-ing形式和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系，表示这个名词(人或物)的动作或状态，相当于一个定语从句。如:Thesedancinggirls(=thesegirlswhoaredancing)arefrommyclass.正在跳舞的这些女孩是我班上的。At11oclock,pleasefindthewaitingbus(thebuswhichiswaiting)attheentrance.十一点钟时，请在入口处找等候的公共汽车。,Notes：,表示现在(或当时)的状态，变为定语从句时常用一般时态。Thetemplestanding(=which/thatstands)onthetopofthehillwasbuiltintheMingDynasty.坐落在山顶上的那个寺庙建于明朝。表示正在进行的动作，变为定语从句时要用进行时态。Doyouseethewomantalkingto(=who/thatistalkingto)thesecretary？你看见那位和秘书谈话的妇女了吗?,-ing形式作定语时，它所表示的动作是正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生。如果两个动作有先有后，一般不用-ing形式作定语，这时应用定语从句。Thosewhohavefinishedtheirworkcangohomenow.完成工作的那些人现在可以回家了。being不能单独用作定语。Anyonewhoisfitfor(不用beingfitfor)thisjobcansignyournamehere.任何能胜任这项工作的人都可在这里签名。,-ing形式的完成式一般不能用作定语,除非为非限制性的后置定语。Themanagerwasntangrywiththemanwhohadbeensorude.(不用havingbeensorude)经理并不为这个人的粗鲁而生气。,2.-ing形式和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系，表示这个名词的某种用途和性能，作“供；作之用”解。如:Thereisaswimmingpool(=apoolforswimming)inourschool.我们学校有座游泳池。Weshoulddosomethingtoimproveourlivingconditions(=conditionsforliving).我们应该做些事情来改善我们的生活条件。,过去分词作定语,1.过去分词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，并且表被动。Aletterpostedthismorningwillprobablyreachhertomorrow.明天她可能会收到今早寄出的信。2.没有一定的时间性，仅表示被动。Idontliketoseetheletterwritteninpencil.我不喜欢看用铅笔写的信。,3.表示已经完成的动作，不表示被动，动词通常为不及物动词。therisensun=thesunwhichhasrisen已升起的太阳thefallenleaves=theleaveswhichhavefallen落叶4.如过去分词作定语时所表示的动作正在发生，其结构为beingdone。Thequestionbeingdiscussedisimportant.现在正在讨论的问题很重要。,高考链接：1.Pricesofdailygoods_throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices.A.areboughtB.boughtC.beenboughtD.buying2.Thepicture_onthewallispaintedbymynephew.A.havinghungB.hangingC.hangsD.beinghung,3.Therearefivepairs_，butImatalosswhichtobuy.A.tobechosenB.tochoosefromC.tochooseD.forchoose4.ReadingisanexperiencequitedifferentfromwatchingTV;therearepictures_inyourmindinsteadofbeforeyoureyes.A.toformB.formC.formingD.havingformed,Thefollowingverbsarenormallyfollowedbytheinfinitive.,afford,agree,appear,arrange,ask,attempt,care,choose,claim,come,consent,dare,decide,demand,deserve,determine,elect,endeavor,Remember!,expect,fail,get,guarantee,hate,help,hesitatehope,hurry,intend,learn,long,manage,mean,need,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promiserefuse,say,seem,tend,threaten,want,wish,ThefollowingverbsarenormallyfollowedbyV-ing.avoid,consider,delay,deny,dislike,endure,enjoy,escape,forgive,finish,imagine,keep,mind,miss,pardon,prevent,resist,