关陇集团论文：关陇集团形成研究

关陇集团论文：关陇集团形成研究【中文摘要】本文以关陇集团为研究对象,对关陇集团形成所需的历史条件,所经历的武川军人集团阶段,贺拔岳的历史作用,宇文泰在贺拔岳死后如何确立领袖地位并组建关陇集团等问题进行研究,试图完整展现关陇集团的形成过程。武川是关陇集团核心人物宇文泰、赵贵、独孤信等的故乡。他们的家族在武川有着广泛的社会交往,并在他们中间形成了一种乡土情结,而这种乡土情结成为他们能够在六镇之乱后汇聚到贺拔岳周围的重要纽带。六镇之乱打破了北方军镇的宁静,所有武川人都被卷入其中,并以不同的方式离开故土,流亡各地。尔朱荣集团在六镇之乱中崛起,收留了贺拔岳等众多流亡者,他们中的精英分子协助尔朱荣夺取北魏政权,镇压河北起义,使六镇流民重新汇聚在一起。这种脱离乡里后的重聚是武川军人集团也是关陇集团形成的必要条件。贺拔岳是武川流民中的精英分子,在武川军人集团形成过程中起到关键作用。他的家族在武川镇民中有着崇高的威望,居于领袖地位；贺拔岳兄弟是较早一批投靠尔朱荣的六镇流亡者,以其声名和能力在尔朱荣集团中占据了重要位置；贺拔岳智勇兼备,具有领袖气质,使他能够成为武川流民中的一面旗帜。由于尔朱荣招募了大批六镇流民充实实力,使得其集团内部派系纵横。贺拔岳在集团内遭到高欢派系的挤压,为求自保,开始利用他的自身优势在流民中寻求支持者。李虎、宇文泰等武川人因投降尔朱荣后境遇不佳,被贺拔岳所吸引,成为他最初的追随者。贺拔岳又利用西征万俟丑奴之机,充分发挥自身优势,将武川同乡和北镇流民吸引到自己周围,为武川军人集团的形成创造了条件。镇压关陇起义后不久,尔朱荣被杀,尔朱氏集团分裂,贺拔岳及其追随者所属的尔朱天光派系留在了关西。在无东归可能的情况下,贺拔岳在他的势力范围内开始策动麾下军人的关陇土著化,武川军人集团形成。高欢在河北起兵讨伐尔朱氏,尔朱天光不顾贺拔岳反对,率军东出与高欢决战于韩陵。贺拔岳为避免与尔朱氏同归于尽,率军占领了关中,从尔朱氏集团内独立出来,并割据关陇地区。独立后的武川军人集团在贺拔岳的领导下割据关陇,广募当地人为兵,招揽土著豪强进入其幕府服务,开始了向关陇集团的方向的转变。这一过程因高欢策动侯莫陈悦刺杀贺拔岳而出现波折。武川军人集团内部推举宇文泰担任新的领袖,成功渡过了这一危机,并恢复到贺拔岳的既定政策上来。宇文泰接任后,一方面起兵为贺拔岳报仇,稳固了领袖地位；一方面促成北魏孝武帝西迁,在长安建立西魏政权,与高欢控制下的东魏对抗。为了巩固西魏政权,宇文泰重建国家制度,平定内忧外患,消除武川军人集团与入关的山东士庶集团、关陇土著豪强等政治力量的隔阂,将不同派系揉为一体,还成功推行了府兵制、六官之制等关中本位政策,关陇集团就此形成。【英文摘要】This article takes the Guanlong Group as the object of study, and conducts some research on the historic condition which is necessary for the Guanlong groups formation, the stage of the Wuchuan Military Group, Heba Yues historical function, and how Yuwen Tai establishes his leader status and sets up the Guanlong Group after Heba Yue died, attempting to unfold completely the forming process of the Guanlong group.Wuchuan is the hometown of Yuwen Tai, Zhao Gui, and Dugu Xin, who are the key roles of the Guanlong Group. Their families have widespread social interaction in Wuchuan, and a kind of local complex forms among them, which becomes an important link for them to gather around Heba Yue after the Liuzhen insurrection.The Liuzhen insurrection breaks the peace of the military towns in north, and most people in Wuchuan are involved, leaving their native land by different ways and going into exile in different regions. The Erzhu Rong Group rises in the Liuzhen insurrection, and takes Heba Yue and other numerous refugees. The outstanding elites among them assiste the Erzhu Rong Group to capture the regime of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and to suppresse the revolt in Hebei, causing the refugees of Liuzhen to regather together. This kind of regathering after being separated from the native land is an essential condition to the foramation of the Wuchuan Military group and also the Guanlong Group.Heba Yue is an elite in the Wuchuan refugees, and plays an crucial role in the process of the Wuchuan Military Groups formation. His family has lofty prestige in the Wuchuan people, and resides in the leader status. Brothers He are an comparatively early batch who throw themselves into the lap of the Erzhu Rong Group, and they occupy the key positions in the Erzhu Rong Group by their reputation and abilities. Heba Yue has great wisdom, courage, and leader makings, and this enables him to become a flag in Wuchuan refugees.The Erzhu Rong Group recruits large quantities of Liuzhen refugees to enrich its strength, and this causes sectarian strife in itself. Heba Yue encounters extrusion from the Gao Huan clique, and for self-preservation, he starts to seek supporters in the refugees, using his own superiority. Some Wuchuan refugees such as Li Hu, Yuwen Tai and so on are not treated well after surrendering to the Erzhu Rong Group, so they are attracted by Heba Yue and become his initial followers. Heba Yue makes use of the opportunity of crusading against Moqi Chounu in the west and displays his own superiority fully to attract more Wuchuan fellow villagers and the northern town refugees around himself, which creates the condition for the formation of Wuchuan Military Group.Soon after suppressing the Guanlong revolt, Erzhu Rong is killed and the Erzhu group splits. The Erzhu Tianguang clique, with which Heba Yue and his followers remain, has kept Guanxi. Without the possibility of returning to the east, Heba Yue starts to instigate his servicemens indigenization of Guanlong in his sphere of influence. The Wuchuan Military Group forms.Gao Huan dispatches troops to crusade against Erzhu Group in Hebei, and Erzhu Tian guang commands his army to fight a decisive battle with Gao Huan in Hanling, in defiance of Heba Yues opposing. To avoid perishing together with Erzhu, Heba Yue seizes Guanzhong, commanding his army, and becomes independent from the Erzhu Group, and establishes a separatist regime in Guanlong area.After independence, the Wuchuan Military Group keeps Guanlong under Heba Yues leadership, solicits broadly the native as its soldiers, and gathers the indigenous powerful bullies to enter its generals office to serve, starting its transformation into the Guanlong Group. However, this process has twists and turns because Gao Huan instigates Houmochen Yue to assassinate Heba Yue. The Wuchuan Military Group recommends Yuwen Tai as the new leader, succeeds in crossing this crisis, and restores to Heba Yues decided policy.After taking over the leadership, Yuwen Tai dispatches troops into battle to avenge Heba Yues death and reinforces his leader status; on the other hand he facilitates Emperor Xiaowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty to move westward and establish the Western Wei Dynasty regime in Changan, resisting with Gao Huans Eastern Wei Dynasty. In order to consolidate the Western Wei Dynasty regime, Yuwen Tai not only reconstructs the national systems, calms down the internal disorder and foreign invasion, eliminates the barriers between the. Wuchuan Military Group and Shandong political groups. and Guanlong indigenous powerful bullies to rub the different cliques into an unified body, but also manages to carry out Guanzhong standard policies, such as the Fubing system and the Liuguan system. The Guanlong Group forms from this on.【关键词】关陇集团 武川军人集团 贺拔岳 尔朱荣 宇文泰 关中本位政策【英文关键词】the Guanlong Group the Wuchuan Military Group Heba Yue Yuwen Tai Erzhu Rong the Guanzhong Standard Policies【目录】关陇集团形成研究中文摘要8-10ABSTRACT10-11绪论12-21一、选题背景及研究现状12-16二、选题的意义及创新16-17三、研究方法及运用17四、论文框架及主要内容17五、余论17-21上篇:关陇集团的萌芽21-97第一章 武川军人集团形成的历史条件21-50第一节 六镇之乱与镇民南迁21-40一、武川豪强与动乱前的六镇社会21-31二、武川豪强与六镇之乱31-40第二节 尔朱荣集团与镇人的合流40-50一、武川豪强的合流40