新托福听力-[自动保存的]

TOEFLiBT听力考试简介,听力测试包括2部分，每部分包含1个校园情景对话(campusconversation5q)和2个大学学术讲座(academiclectures6q/each)。题目总数34道。总时间在60分钟。此外，新托福考试还设置了加试。听力考试的内容更侧重真实语言环境。Campusconversation：与教授或者导师探讨学习问题/学生在校遇到问题，请求学校工作人员帮助。Academiclectures:多集中在商务、教育、人文、工程、自然科学和社会研究等北美留学生常选的学科上。其题型设计目的是一般学生能够听、说、理解各种学术话题。其难度和大学生在校园生活中所遇到的各种语言环境相当。,TOEFLiBT特点,1.答题形式：个人化应试环境，活化题目场景，加强考生的理解程度。考生可以在听力中做笔记，帮助记忆细节。2.答题程序：先听、后读、再选，不能进行跳跃式做题，不允许考生有二次考虑的机会3.题型：除单选题外，还加入多选题、是非题、图表题等。4.语音：以美音为主，个别演讲段落加入“国际口音”。5.题目难度：长度长：3-6分钟；细节多；语速快：140-220/字节；多人对话；有干扰因素,TOEFLiBT测试重点,1.basiccomprehension基本理解能力:该能力主要通过主旨题和细节题来考察。a.主要内容Whatsthesubject/topic/mainideaoftheconversation/lecture?Whatproblemdoesthemanhave?Whatistheprofessormainlydiscussing?Whatisthespeakersmainpoint?Whatisthelecturemainlyabout?b.主要目的Whydoesthestudentvisittheprofessorsoffice?Whydoestheprofessorasktoseethestudent?Whydoestheprofessorexplain/discuss/mention?c.细节题Accordingtothespeaker/professor/lecture,what/who/where/when/which/how/why.,2.Pragmaticunderstanding语用信息理解能力：Functionquestions功能题Stancequestions态度题Letsgotoamovieafterdinner.W:Thatsattempting.However,thetennistournamentistomorrow,andIneedtogetinashortpracticesessiontonight.Sayrememberthatproposalforaninternationalfestivalnextspring?Doyouthinktheresanychanceitllevergetofftheground?B:Idontthinkitsaquestionofwhetheritllhappen.Itsjustamatterofwhereitllbeheld.,3.ConnectingInformation关联信息理解能力：考察对文章脉络和上下文关联信息的把握，主要通过结构题organizationquestions和关联题connectingquestions和推测题inference实施测试organizationex.Howisthediscussionorganized?Howdoestheprofessordevelopthetopic?Howdoestheprofessorhelpthestudent？connectingex.Whatdoestheprofessormeanbythisstatement?Puttheeventsinorderfromtheearliesttolatestinferenceex.Whatcanbeinferredfromthetalk?Whatwillthestudentprobablydonext?,听力训练方法,1.基础训练：精听与泛听相结合精听：精准理解dictation听写练习精选材料，难度适宜以句子为单位，强化短时记忆力五步训练法，找出听力盲点，一一攻破结合语境，积累词汇泛听：大概理解培养语感题材多样/声音多样,2.应试训练：针对考点进行单项训练，熟悉考试模式，总结经验与规律多听、多总结、多积累抓住要点记笔记养成边听边记的习惯，摸索笔记的规律，形成自己的缩写及笔记符号系统段落总结听完长段落，写出关于该部分要点的简要总结，不断增加所听部分的长度和缩写总结的长度扩充词汇量和知识背景,ActualTest1,校园生活场景问题在哪，如何解决。problem-solutionProblem-suggestion-stillproblemmoresuggestionproblemsolved在这个过程中注意对话双方的态度。学术讲座：主题展开的方式：直接展开/间接展开把握讲座的逻辑线索,听力十大原则,1.转折原则：关注表示转折和解释的连接词but,however,nevertheless,while,yet,unless,exceptfor,actually,infact,asamatteroffact,totellyouthetruth2.问答原则：关注含有一问一答或自问自答的句子或结构3.开头原则：主题往往出现在开头的一两句话4.尾巴原则：关注结尾，往往结论会在此出现5.重复原则：反复重复的词或概念6.强调原则：语义强调（强调词/解释/举例/级别/对比/结论）、语气强调（重音/停顿/清晰）7.因果原则：原因（because,as,dueto,for,since,thereasonis/结果(asaresult,consequently,hence,so,sothat,thus)8.并列原则：first,second,third,plus,finallyetc9.建议原则：Isuggest,propose,howabout,whatabout,ifIwereyou10.专有原则：人名、地点、时间、数字等,Methodsofauditioning:definition（sampleperformance,talent,functions)Methods1.Monologue2.Coldreadingorperformingfromunfamiliarscript:sightreadingWhy:vitalprocessforselecting1.Earlystage:prepared2.Laterstage:groups/castingpanel,Auditioning,Methods,Why,monologue,coldreading,earlystage,Laterstage,考点6，8,考点7，9,考点11,考点10,WaterpollutionCauses(whatandhow)1.organicwastes:sewageandfarmwastes-lossofoxygen2.industriesdischarge:wastewater-thermaleffects3.dirt:-restrictphotosynthesis;diseasesDamage1.leadingcauseofdeath2.measuredamagebyhydrologytransportmodels,小结,1.出题点集中于主题、结构、疑问解答、观点和结论等2.听懂大意即可作对大多数题。3.多分析段落框架、结构，把握内在逻辑主线。4.根据主题或中心内容，按照内在逻辑合理推测。5.设身处地、合理联想，推断态度。,UnitI:listenformainidea内容主旨题,内容主旨题要求考生理解讲座或对话大意，对听到内容进行归纳总结I.主题的出现：1.开头部分。2.结尾部分3.反复重复的词汇或概念II.主题的出现方式1.开门见山式：Today,wearegoingtotalkaboutIdliketobeginmylecturebyintroducingLetsfocuson2.问答式：DoyourememberwhattheyareHowdoyouunderstandit3.全篇大意推导（较少）,III.要点认真听清开头（根据所听内容对开头得到的信息进行适度调整）抓住反复出现的关键词（正确选项中往往包含这些词汇）关注例子、解释、说明等部分充分利用所记笔记，确定与笔记细节最贴近的主题IV.排除干扰项脱离文章主题过度的细节信息不准确原文没有提及的信息,Unit1对话部分,场景：图书馆2.教授办公室3.书店4.教学秘书办公室话题：借书2.谈论成绩3.买书4.选课问题：1.如何找到所需要的书2.希望教授成绩上给予照顾3.因欠款无法购买书4.该选多少学时/选什么课,分析：1.中心-“howwouldIgoaboutfindingthisbook”（problem)-“DeweyDecimalSystem”(marker:thefirstthingyouneedtoknow)次要点：-narrowyoursearchbydeterminingwhichofthetenbroadareasyourtopicfallsunder.(marker:initially,forinstance)-tofindouttheexactnumber,yougotoourcardcatalog(marker:now,)-eachcategoryisbrokendownintosubcategories(marker:now)内在逻辑：（stepsofhowtousingDeweyDecimalSystem),2.Problem(request)solution(refusal/acceptance),中心-“Iwanttotalkaboutmygradeinyourcalculusclass”（problem)-Ithoughtmaybeyoucouldoverlookmybadtestscoreandgivemeapassinggrade(marker:andwell)次要点-Ibrokeupwithmyboyfriend(marker:because)-whatyouareaskingmeisfavorism/cheating(marker:nothingmorethan)-Ihavebeenundersuchstress(marker:but)-youarenotthefirstonewhohashadtodealwithpersonalissues(marker:but,forinstance)内在逻辑：（请求-给出原因-拒绝-给出原因),3purchasethebook,问题问题/矛盾升级（更多问题）解决中心句：A:IwouldliketopurchasethebookB:Iamsorry.butitseemslikeyouhavestillnotmadethepayment.Untilyoupaythearrears,Icannotletyoupurchaseanotheritem.问题升级:A:Ineedthisbookrightnow.IonlyhaveenoughmoneytobuythisbookB:eitheryoufindmoremoneyoryoureturnthebook进一步升级：A:IcouldhaveswornIreceivedthebillandputacheckinthemail.B:Iamsorryagainwearenotresponsible解决：thepaymentwasforanotherstoreExcusemyrudeness.Marker:Iamsorry,IamsorryagainOh!Oh!,话题词汇,deferredpayment延期付款bearwithme稍等pullupyourrecords调出你的记录dubious怀疑duedate到期付款日arrear欠款(couldhavesworn)swear发誓dime一角钱,4register,问题问题/矛盾升级（更多问题）解决中心句：AheretoregisterfornextsemestersclassB:signingupforthecoursesthatIneedformyjournalismmajor更多问题1A:youwanttograduateintheusualfouryears?B:yes,Ireallycantaffordtostaylongerthanfouryears.A:youtakeatleast15to18hourseachsemester更多问题2A:HaveyoutakenalltherequiredcoursesB:Itookabiologyclassinsteadofamasscommunicationclass.Isthataproblem?A:youdefinitelyneedtotakethemasscommunicationclassthisnextsemesterbecauseitisaprerequisite更多问题3B:shouldItakeotherscienceclassalso?A:ItwouldbeagoodideaB:thereisageologyclassthatlooksinteresting.,话题词汇,register注册signupforthecourses选课coursehours学时getburnedout精疲力竭summerschool暑期班requiredcourses必修课（选修课prerequisite先修/先行课程,Lectures,领域：音乐2.农业3.公众健康4.动物学基本主题：1.歌剧的历史2.水稻的起源3.牙菌斑4.老虎主题引出方式：1.3.4.直接给出2.由问题引出,Lecture1.要点：歌剧的历史,什么是歌剧（歌剧的定义）歌剧发轫于希腊现代歌剧始于意大利歌剧中的咏叹调（咏叹调的定义和作用）歌剧包含悲剧也包含喜剧（定义）Letstalkaboutopera.Operasaredramasthatemploytheuseofmusic.Whydontwelookatthehistoryofopera?WehavetheancientGreekstothankforinspiringthisformofexpression.ModernoperabeganinItalyduringtheRenaissance.Thecomplicatedsongsareknowasarias.AnariaisacomplexmusicalpassagecreatedtoshowcaseasingersvocalrangeanariaallowstheperformertoexpressavariedrangeofemotionsJustasaplaycanbeacomedyoratragedy,sotoocanoperas.Theoperaseriawhichhasbutthereisalsotheoperacomique,话题词汇,costumes戏剧服装renaissance文艺复兴embrace接受，信奉arias咏叹调vocalrange音域morbid病态的comedy喜剧tragedy悲剧clichedform过时的形式operaseria正歌剧/悲歌剧operacomique喜歌剧,Lecture2要点水稻的起源,野生水稻早在16,000年前大冰川期之间就已存在。据信源于亚洲。(origin)驯化水稻的产生可追朔到中国文明早期(originated)进一步解释什么是驯化水稻(定义)有关水稻起源的神话传说whatistheoriginofrice?Doyoumeantheoriginofwildriceordomesticrice?thescientificoriginofricethemythologicalstories?beginwithwildricehardtopindownprecisedatemorethan16,000yearsagooriginisAsiadomesticriceoriginatesbacktotheearlydaysofChineseculture.Domesticationhappenswhentheresmorethanonemythbehindtheoriginofrice,butIwillbrieflysummarizeone”thegiftoftheskyflood”,话题词汇,domesticrice驯化水稻Greaticeage大冰川时期electrophoresis电泳法（新科技技术，用来分离不同物理性质的分子）cultivate种植sowtheseeds播种yieldmorevolume高产量riceimprint水稻痕迹ricepaddy稻田positivetraits优良特征seedling幼苗,Lecture3要点牙菌斑,什么是牙菌斑(定义）牙菌斑的危害牙菌斑导致牙石（牙石的定义）如何预防牙菌斑（进一步解释）Today,wewillbediscussingoralplaque.Oralplaqueisayellowish,stickyfilmofbacteria.leadstodentalcavitiesorevenmoreseriousdiseasesItisbecauseithardensintowhatisknownastartar.Tartarisaveryhardsubstancethatsowithregularbrushingandregularvisitstothedentist,youcanhelpprotectyourteethfromthebuildupplaque.dailybrushingandflossing,regularvisitstothedentist,话题词汇,oralplaque牙菌斑afilmof一层bacteria细菌dentalcavities蛀牙tartar牙石gum牙龈swollen发炎，肿naturaldefense自然防护imperative绝对必要的，必须做的saliva唾液neutralizetheacidicenvironment中和酸性环境microorganism微生物enamel釉质floss牙线,Lecture4要点,老虎的动物学定义老虎的特点a.每只老虎的条纹都独一无二,附带解释了一下白老虎的问题b.老虎是最大的猫科动物c.老虎的种类老虎的濒危处境todaywearegoingtobediscussingtheanimal,thetigerAtigerisamammalwith.Didyoualsoknowthatnotwotigersharethesamestripepattern?Analbinotigerisatigerwith.Didyouknowthattheyarethelargestofallthecats?Therearealsoeightsubspeciesoftigerthatscientistshaveidentifiedtigersontheendangeredspecifieslist.Whyaretigersendangered?huntfortheirskinsvaluableasbiggametrophies.peopleseethetigerasathreat,话题词汇,intimidating让人畏惧的mammal哺乳动物stripe条纹albino白化病deceiving欺骗的mane鬃毛subspecies亚种endangered濒危的poacher偷猎者livestock家畜extinct灭绝的majestic庄严的,注意学