专业英语翻译技巧

专业英语翻译技巧,TranslationtechniquesofEnglishforSpecialPurpose,科技英语翻译的基本技巧,1）词义引申,2）词量增减,3）词类转换,5）成分转换,6）成分分译,4）重复译法,7）被动语态的译法,8)长句翻译,注意：每个句子都应正确划分结构。,翻译技巧（一）词义引申,词义引申是指改变原文字面意义的翻译方法。词义引申时，往往可以从词义转译、词义具体化、词义抽象化和词的搭配四个方面来考虑。,词义转译,词义具体化,词义抽象化,词的搭配,1.词义转译翻译时，遇到一些无法直译或不宜直译的词或词组，应根据上下文和逻辑关系，引伸转译。,翻译技巧（一）词义引申,Solarenergyseemstooffermorehopethananyothersourceofenergy.,Likeanyprecisionmachine,thelatherequirescarefultreatment.,2.词义具体化翻译时，根据汉语的表达习惯，把原文中某些词义较笼统的词引伸为词义较具体的词。以动词cut（切割）为例：,Asingle-pointcuttingtoolistocutthreadsonenginelathes.,Hardmetalscanbeeasilycutwithgrindingwheels。,Themillingmachineisoftenemployedtocutspurandhelicalgears。,翻译技巧（一）词义引申,Thepurposeofadrilleristocutholes.,3.词义抽象化把原文中词义较具体的词引申为词义较抽象词，或把词义较形象的词引申为词义较一般的词。,翻译技巧（一）词义引申,Steelandcastironalsodifferincarbon。,High-speedgrindingdoesnotknowthisdisadvantage。,Thedesignofthemachinehasbeenimprovedtoanswerthechallengeofheavydutyclimbmilling(强力顺铣)。,4.词的搭配遇到动词、形容词与名词搭配时，应根据汉语的搭配习惯，而不应受原文字面意义的束缚。Draftsmenmakeanassemblydrawingforthecompletedproductandadetaileddrawingforeachpart。Tobeabletoreadmachinedrawing，thereareafewcommontermsandsymbolswithwhichyoushouldbefamiliar。Gearpumpsmaybeclassifiedintotwobroadcategories,externalandinternal.,翻译技巧（一）词义引申,翻译技巧（二）词量增减,词量增加,词量减少,一、词量增加,在抽象名词后增加名词,翻译技巧（二）词量增减,2.在形容词前名词,3.增加起语气连贯作用的词,4.增加概括词,一、词量减少,1.省略冠词,翻译技巧（二）词量增减,2.省略代词,3.省略介词,一、词量减少（续）,翻译技巧（二）词量增减,4.省略连接词,5.省略动词,6.省略名词,翻译技巧（三）词类转换,翻译时可以适当地改变一下原文某些词的词类，以适应汉语的表达习惯，或达到一定的修饰目的。这种改变原文词类的译法叫做词类转换。,译成动词,译成名词,译成形容词,翻译技巧（三）词类转换,1.名词译成动词Weretherenofriction，transmissionofmotionwouldbeimpossible.,3.介词译成动词Assoonasthesupplyreverses,thevoltageacrossthethyristorwillbecomepositive,turningiton.,2形容词译成动词Whenmetalsarecut,theshiningsurfaceisvisible,butitturnsgreyalmostimmediately.,一、译成汉语动词,1.动词译成名词Grindingischaracterizedbytherotatingabrasivewheelwhichisemployedasthecuttingtool.2.形容词译成名词Thecuttingtoolmustbestrong,tough,hard,andwearresistant.3.副词译成名词Lowcyclefatiguepropertiesareaffectedadverselybyabusivegrinding.,翻译技巧（三）词类转换,二、译成汉语名词,三、译成汉语形容词,名词译成形容词Theelectricalconductivityhasgreatimportanceinselectingelectricalmaterials.,2.副词译成形容词Theelectroniccomputerischieflycharacterizedbyitsaccurateandrapidcomputations.,翻译技巧（三）词类转换,翻译技巧（四）重复译法,重复译法是指翻译时重复原文中某些词，使译文表达明确具体。这是因为有些词在英语中是不必重复的，但在汉语中却必须重复，否则就会造成文理不通或逻辑混乱。,重复省略的部分,重复共同部分,重复共同修饰的名词,重复共同的动词,重复共用的宾语,重复共同的定语,一、重复共同部分1.重复共同修饰的名词Thechiefeffectsofelectriccurrentsarethemagnetic,heating,andchemicaleffects.,Thechargesofnucleusandelectronsareequalsothattheatomiselectricallyneutral.,翻译技巧（四）重复译法,2.重复共同的动词Alternatingcurrentflowsfirstinonedirectionandthenintheother,thereversalstakingplacemanytimesasecond.Machiningissuitedtoeitherbrittleorductilematerialspreferablytheformer.,3.重复共用的宾语Engineershavetoanalyzeandsolvedesignproblems.,翻译技巧（四）重复译法,4.重复共同的定语Metalsarethebestconductorsandgasesthepoorestconductorsofheat.Thelawofconservationandtransformationofenergyisthechiefbasisofengineeringpractice.,翻译技巧（四）重复译法,二、重复省略的部分Waterhasthepropertyofdissolvingsugar,sugarthepropertyofbeingdissolvedbywater.Highvoltageisnecessaryforlongtransmissionlinewhilelowvoltageforsafeuse.,翻译技巧（四）重复译法,翻译技巧（五）成分转换,转译成宾语,转译成定语,转译成谓语,转译成主语,一、转译成主语,翻译技巧（五）成分转换,1.介词宾语转译成主语,（1）介词in的宾语译成主语,Amotorissimilartoageneratorinconstruction.,（2）被动句的介词宾语译成主语,(a).Twofactors,forceanddistance,areincludedinunitofwork.,(b).Verylittlepressureisrequiredinthegrindingprocess.,2.表语转译成主语,Ofallthemetalsthebestconductorsaresilver,goldandcopper.,3.状语转译成主语,(a).Inourworkshopthenewtechnologicalprocessofproductionfindsapplication.,(b).Thereareagreatnumberofmodernizedmachinebuildingplantsinourcountry.,一、转译成主语（续）,翻译技巧（五）成分转换,二、转译成谓语1.主语转译成谓语Thestatementoftheconservationandtransformationofenergyisasfollows.2.表语转译成谓语Weareonthesuppositionthatnothingintheworldmovesfasterthanlight.3.定语转译成谓语Muchstrenuousstudyofliquidhydrogenasamarinefuelisneededbeforeadeterminationofitsvaluecanbemade.,翻译技巧（四）成分转换,三、转译成定语主语转译成定语,(1).当形容词译成名词，并移作主语时，原来的主语通常都需要译成定语。,Mediumcarbonsteelismuchstrongerthanlowcarbonsteel.,(2)当动词译成名词，并移作主语时，原来的主语一般需要译成定语。,Theverticalspindledrillingmachineischaracterizedbyasingleverticalspindlerotatinginafixedposition.,翻译技巧（五）成分转换,四、转译成宾语1.主语转译成宾语Themaintenanceofmachinesmustbepaidattentionto.2.谓语转译成宾语Thesunaffectstremendouslyboththemindandbodyofaman.,翻译技巧（五）成分转换,翻译技巧（六）成分分译,所谓成分分译就是改变原文句子结构的一种译法。这种译法的要领是：把原文中较长的句子成分，或不易安排的句子成分分出来另作处理，一般译成汉语短句或独立语。分译得当可以使译文层次分明，简练明确，合乎汉语规范。,一、主语分译,二、谓语分译,三、定语分译,四、状语分译,一、主语分译1.Anunusuallywidefeedrangeadaptsthemachinetothegreatestvarietyofjob。,2.Inweldingtoomuchcurrentwillmakeitvirtuallyimpossibletostaythedepositedmetalintherightplace.,翻译技巧（六）成分分译,二、谓语分译,1.主语从句的谓语分译,（1）Itisobviousthatagreaterforceshouldbeappliedtostartamotor-carthanamotor-cycle。,（2）Itiscommonknowledgethatweightisapullexertedonanobjectbytheearth。,2.被动句的谓语分译,（1）Inindustrycertainmixturesofmetalsoralloysaresaidtohavebeenconsiderablydeveloped.,(2)Thetemperatureatwhichthemeltingofasubstancetakesplaceisknowntobethemeltingpointofthesubstance.,翻译技巧（六）成分分译,Semiconductorsareagroupofmaterialswiththeirconductivitylyingbetweenthatofconductorsandthatofinsulators.Theflexibilityandversatilityofnumericalcontrolhaveledtothedevelopmentofanewtypeofmachinetoolcalledthemachiningcenter。,三、定语分译,翻译技巧（六）成分分译,四、状语分译Petroleumwasformedatalatertimethancoalfromplantsandanimalsthatlivedinshallowseas.,翻译技巧（六）成分分译,翻译技巧（七）被动语态的译法,英语中被动语态使用范围很广，凡是在不必或不愿说出或无从说出施动者以及为了便于连贯上下文或者为了强调动作的承受者等场合，往往都用被动语态。英语被动句的翻译主要有以下几种情况：,译成汉语被动句,译成汉语主动句,一、译成汉语被动句,(1)Thefirststageofarocketisthrownawayonlyminutesaftertherockettakesoff.(2)Thevolumeofagasisinverselyproportionaltoitspressureifthetemperatureisheldconstant.,翻译技巧（七）被动语态的译法,(3)Themoon,aswellasthestarsandthesun,ismadeuseofbythemarinertofindhislatitudeandlongitudeatsea.Onlyasmallpartofsunsenergyreachingtheearthisusedbyus.(4)Manycastingdefectsarecausedbyexpansionpropertiesofsand.,翻译技巧（七）被动语态的译法,二、译成汉语主动句,1.译成有主语的主动句,(1)Toexplorethemoonssurface.Rocketswerelaunchedagainandagain.,(2)Castingqualityisinfluencedbyanumberoffactorssuchasthenatureofmetaloralloycast,propertiesofmouldmaterialsusedandthecastingprocess.,翻译技巧（七）被动语态的译法,Whenworkisdoneagainstfriction,heatisproduced.Byusingthisnewprocessthelossofmetalwasreducedto20percent.Careshouldbetakenatalltimestoprotecttheinstrumentfromdustanddamp.,2.译成无主语的主动句,翻译技巧（七）被动语态的译法,翻译技巧（八）长句的译法,英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念,而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句,作层次分明的叙述。因此,在进行英译汉时,要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异,将英语的长句分解,翻译成汉语的短句。,1.顺序法,2.逆序法,3.分句法,4.综合法,Althoughthereisreasontohopethatsuperconductivitymayonedaybefoundtoexistinsomematerialatroomtemperature,forthemomentitisaphenomenonoftheutterlycold.,1.顺序法当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时,可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。Movingaroundthenucleusareextremelytinyparticles,calledelectrons,whichrevolvearoundthenucleusinmuchthesamewayasthenineplanetsdoaroundthesun.,翻译技巧（八）长句的译法,2.逆序法英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同,甚至完全相反,这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。,Toobtainclosetolerancesinmilling,itisimportantthatthemachinebeingoodmechanicalcondition,thattheworkpiecebeofsuitablestructureandcomposition,thatthecutterbeproperlyselected,andthatfeedandspeedbeappropriatetotheparticularapplication.,翻译技巧（八）长句的译法,3.分句法有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切,翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯,把长句的从句或短语化成句子,分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯,有时需要适当增加词语。,Itisveryimportantthatamachineelementbemadeofamaterialthathaspropertiessuitablefortheconditionofserviceasitisfortheloadsandstressestobeaccuratelydetermined.,翻译技巧（八）长句的译法,4.综合法在翻译一个英语长句时,并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法,而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用。,Neitherthedirecttransformationofheatintoelectricenergy,northedirecttransformationofmechanicalfrictionofpressureintoelectricenergy,canasyetbeconsideredpracticalforquantityandforeconomicalgeneratio