采矿工程英语

Lesson1HistoryofCoalMining,?,Theexactdateofmansfirstuseofcoalislostinantiquity.Thediscoverythatcertainblackrockwouldburnwasundoubtedlyaccidentalandprobablyoccurredindependentlyandmanytimesintheworldoverthousandsofyears.Itisquitelikelythattheseindependentdiscoveriesweremadewhenprimitivemanchancedtobuildcampfiresonexposedledgesofablackrock,thenwasamazedwhenitcaughtfire.,TheChineserecordedtheuseofcoal1,100yearsbeforetheChristianEra.InWales,thereisevidencethattheBronzeAgepeopleusedcoalforfuneralpyres,anditisknownthattheRomansusedthisfuel.Thereareotherancientreferences.However,practicalandconsistentuseofcoalseemstodatetoEnglandintheMiddleAges.However,thefirstrecordeddiscoveryofcoal,inwhatisnowUS,wasbyFrenchexplorers,whoreportedanoutcropexposureontheIllinoisRiverin1679.ThefirstrecordedactualusagewasinVirginiain1702tousecoalforaFrenchsettlersforge.,DiscoveryandUsageofCoal,Earliestrecordedcommercialminingwasin1750,fromtheJamesRivercoalfieldnearRichmond,VA,adepositnowabandoned.Besideslocalconsumptionfromthisfield,shipmentsweremadetoPhiladelphia,NewYork,andBoston.,CoalMining,hewedbyhandfromthesolidbedbyuseofpickandbar,shoveledintobaskets,boxes,orwheelbarrowsanddraggedbymen,orwomentothefootofashaft(竖井),Later,carsweredevelopedbutstilldrawnoverwoodplankbyhumans,Astimewenton,ironstraps,therails,wereusedforthecarswhilemules,ponies,orhorsesdidthepulling,ImaBAR,ImaPICK,ImaSHOVEL,Gradually,blackpowderwasintroducedtoblastdownthecoal,butundercutting,sidecutting,anddrillingwerestilldonebyhand.Duringthelate1700sand1800s,anumberofbasicdevelopmentsgreatlyaidedtheminingofcoal.firststeamenginepumpwaterfromcoalminesgodeeperfirstrailtransportationfirststeamlocomotivefirstelectriclocomotiveundergrounduse,MechanizationofOperation,Punchingmachinesandchain-typecuttersforunderminingthecoalseam.LongwallminingwasusedhereandthereintheUSuntilabout1910.Noncompetitivewithroom-and-pillarmethodsinthickerseamsDominantinEuropeandAsiabecauseofthincoalanddepthofcover,DuringWorldWallII,theGermansdevelopedthelongwallscraper（铲土机）forcontinuousloadingontoachainconveyor（传送机）attheface.Thiswasfollowedbyvarioustypesofshearingmachines（剪切机）developedinseveralcountries.However,themostimportantdevelopmentwasinhydraulic,self-propelledroofjacksandchocksthatgreatlyreducedthemanpowerformerlyrequiredtosetandresetindividualjacksandtobuildcribsbyhand.,Surfacemining(地表采矿)wastheearliestmethodofextractingcoal.Itconsistedofrecoveringcoalexposedinstreambedsandvisibleoutcropswithzerotoafewfeetofloosedirtcover.Underdeepercoverandunderrockthecheapestmethod-infacttheonlymeansofrecoveryatfirst-wasbyundergroundmining,sosurfacedevelopmentswereinsignificantuntilabout1910,although,hereandthere,slipandcartscrapersdrawnbymuleswereusedtoaverysmallextent.,Lesson2OriginsofCoal,FormfromaccumulationsofplantmaterialGeologicalConditions:developoncontinentalinteriorareasrelativelyelevatedabovesealevelforminlowcoastalareasclosetosealevel.Inbothtypesofareas,peatformationrequiresthatgrowthofvegetationexceedthatofdecayandthattheplantmaterialbeallowedtoaccumulateandnotberemovedbyerosion.,Insummary,conditionsnecessaryforaccumulationofpeatthatcouldbesubsequentlyconvertedtocoalare:Swampormarsh（湿地）environmentandclimatefavorabletoplantgrowth.Somesubsidence(sinking)oftheareaduringaccumulationofvegetaldebris,orcompactionofdepositedplantmaterial,permittingfurtheraccumulation.Sufficientlywetconditionstopermitexclusionofairfrommuchofthevegetalmaterialbeforeitdecays,andsufficientlyrapidaccumulationtothwart（阻碍）bacterialaction,eveninwateroftheswamp.Acidityoftheswampwaternormallypreventsbacterialactionatafewinchesorafewfeetbelowthewaterlevelintheswamp.Proximitytotheseaorasubsidingareasothatvegetalmaterialcanbeburiedbysedimentswhenthesealevelrisesorthelandsubsides.Siteofaccumulationsuchthatremovalbyerosiondoesnotsubsequentlyoccur.,Variety,Therankofthecoalbecameprogressivelyhigher,risingfromLignite（褐煤）Subbituminous（亚烟煤）Bituminous（烟煤）Semi-anthracite（半无烟煤）Anthracite（无烟煤）Meta-anthracite（高级炭化无烟煤）,Lesson5PropertyandClassificationofCoal,Section1PhysicalandChemicalPropertiesofCoal,Thephysicalpropertiesareconcernedwiththecharacteristicsofcoalinitsnaturalstate,orpriortoitsenduseasafuel.Forexample,thehardnessandgrindabilityofcoaldeterminethemaintenancecostforcoalmining,handling,andpulverizing(磨粉)equipment;thespecificgravity（比重）ofcoalanditsassociatedmineralsdeterminesthecoalpreparationtechnique（选煤）usedinacleaningplant（选煤厂）aswellasthecapacityofcoalbins,bostsandsizeofcargos,andothercoalstoragefacilities.,SpecificGravity(solid):TheratiooftheweightofacubicfootofthesolidtotheweightofacubicfootofwaterThespecificgravityofpurecoalhasbeenreportedtorangebetween1.23to1.72andincreaseswiththechangeinrankfromlignitetoanthracite.Theimpuritiesassociatedwiththecoal,suchasshale（页岩）,clays,sandstones,gypsum（石膏）,andcalcite（方解石）,rangeinspecificgravityfrom2.0toabout2.7,whilethespecificgravityofpyrite（黄铁矿）isabout5.0.,Hardnessisatermrelatedtoacoalsstructureandrank.Acoalisfirmorsoft-structureddependingonthecompositionandlocationofthecoalbed.Splintcoals（暗硬煤）arefirmerthanbrightcoals（光亮煤）.Highvolatile（挥发）coalsareusuallyfirmerthanlowvolatilecoals.Firmcoalsshipwellsincetheyresistbreakageandproducelessdegradationinhandling.Theabrasiveness（磨损）ofacoal,sofarasdamagetoequipmentisconcerned,maybeduetotheimpuritiesinthecoalratherthantothecoalitself.Grindabilityisthephysicalpropertyofcoalwhichdeterminestherelativeeaseofpulverizing（磨粉）orgrindingacoal.Thisisacompositepropertyincludingmanyfactorssuchashardness,strength(压力),andfracture（破碎性）.Friability（易碎性）orsizestabilityreferstotheabilityofcoaltowithstandbreakageinhandlingandshipping.Suchpropertieshavegreatsignificanceincoalcleaningbecausecleaningcostsincreasewithincreasingamountsoffinersizesinthefeedtothewashingplant.,Themajorconstituentsofcoalarecarbon,hydrogen,nitrogen,sulfur,andoxygen.Allcoalscontainnoncombustible（不可燃烧）mineral,anditsoriginisapartoftheproblemoftheoriginofcoal.Itispossiblethatsomeoftheinorganicconstitutesofthemineralmatterhavereactedwithorganiccompounds,thusplayingapartintheformationofcoalfromplantmaterial.Theresiduefromthesemineralsafterthecoalhasbeenburnediscalledash.Theaverageashcontentoftheentirethicknessofacoalbedisatleast2%or3%evenforverypurecoals,andupto10%orsometim