高考英语完形填空知识点详解文档

四维教育 完形填空命题趋势：高考完形填空题是一种旨在测试考生英语综合语言能力的填空补缺式障碍性阅读 题。它以语篇信息为基础，以中心脉络为主线，通过多层面反复式的信息暗示和 纵横向立体式的信息照应，给考生提供足够的解题信息。完形填空综合考查考生 的英语基础知识和语言运用能力，包括词汇辨析能力、阅读理解能力、分析判断 能力、逻辑推理能力和跨文化交际能力，因此完形填空题是一种集知识和能力为 一体，立意新、要求高的综合性语言测试题，同时也是高考试题中要求最高、难 度最大的一种题型。 高考完形填空题的命题会继续坚持“考查语境，突出语篇，注重实词”的命 题原则，继续加大对实词意义辨析的考查力度，并突出考查考生的分析判断能力、 连贯性思维能力和对语境的把握能力。选材以记叙文和夹叙夹议文为主，力求主 题明确、线索清晰、情节完整。难易度会基本保持稳定。备考策略点睛1、 五大高效解题步骤1. 细读首句，预测主题：完形填空题所选短文的第一句往往是全文的关键句，通常为主题 句，是文章的“窗口”，通过它可以大致了解文章的大意与作者的 写作意图。细读首句，正确理解首句是解题的关键，所以，要细 心阅读首句，客观分析、理性思索，以期挖掘出更多有用的潜在 信息，为后面的解题打下坚实的基础。2. 跳读全文，领会大意：要学会跳读技巧。借助首尾句所给启示，捕捉文中关键词的词义 信息，跳过空格，快速把短文从头到尾通读一遍，了解文章的体裁、 背景、内容、结构、情节发展、前因后果、论点论据等，为下一步 选择答案做好准备。若一开始就忙于填空，势必无法掌握文章的中 心，造成顾此失彼、错误百出的后果。3. 通读全文，试选答案：根据大意，以全文为背景，以上下文为依托，初步完成空格的填 充。试填答案时，一定要注意在语境理解上下功夫，要抓住上下 文的内容联系和逻辑关系，进行多角度、全方位的分析。可先读 所要填词的句子，复读上一句，兼顾下一句，做到“瞻前顾后”。 在阅读全文时，不要忽略连接词、代词、插入语等的作用，因为 它们往往是改变语境的关键词，具有因果、让步、递进、转折、 指代、列举或承上启下的特殊功能。4. 细读全文，推敲难题：有些空格在初步填充时就可以确定，可部分空格的答案还不明朗。 题做到这一步，我们已将短文中被挖去的词“复位”了一些，对语 境的了解也更清晰、更准确了。下一步就要充分利用这一点，联系 上下文，运用逻辑推理，结合语境、常识和已选答案所提供的信息， 对候选项再次进行推敲，选出最佳选项。5. 复读全文，调整答案：在完成空格的填充后，要把全文再通览一遍，仔细检查所选答案， 能否自然地融入语篇，能否使文意上下连贯、前后照应、逻辑顺 畅。既要检查语境、语法、惯用法的正确性，也要考虑内容和逻 辑的合理性。对感觉有问题的地方，要仔细揣摩，准确定夺。2、 八大实用解题技巧：技巧一：利用首句信息，推测语篇主旨。 完形填空题通常首句不设空，目的是让考生迅速进入主题，熟悉语言环境。首 句通常是文章的主题句，对理解全文和解题有很有帮助。 Children find meanings in their old family tales. The took on a new meaning recently when Mr. Guyer downsized to a small house from a more expensive and comfortable one. A. tale B. agreement C. arrangement D. report 技巧二：寻找暗示信息，重视语境意义。 完形填空题主要考查考生对语境的理解，设空处的前后多有暗示（后文暗示前 文的居多）。所以做题时要从全局来把握，进行连贯性思维，把前后文的意思联系 起来理解，这样有助于正确、快速地解题。如： He was amazed by the of jobs that people found for him to do. He took dogs and babies for walks, cleared out cupboards, and mended books. A. similarity B. quality C. suitability D. variety I lifted the lid and to my surprise saw nothing. I looked at Davids smiling face and back into the box and said, The box is nice, David, but its . A. cheap B. empty C. useless D. improper 技巧三：识别语篇标志，理清逻辑关系。 语篇一般指比句子长的语言单位，如句群、段落、篇章等。语篇与语篇之间往 往有表明其内在联系的词语，这些词语被称为“语篇标志语”。 如表示结构层次的语篇标志语有firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally等； 表示因果关系的有：thus, therefore, so, consequently等； 表示改变话题的有：by the way等； 表示递进关系的有besides, whats more, further等； 表示时间关系的有before, so far, yet, meanwhile, later等； 表示转折关系的有but, while, on the other hand, although等。 做题时，如果能充分利用这些语篇标志语，就可以迅速理清文章脉络，弄清上下 文的关系。如： I took her arm. She made a little sound of alarm as we stepped on, but she slightly as the stairs moved us downward. A. frightened B. worried C. released D. relaxed 技巧四：利用原词复现，寻找近义词语。 完形填空中，常会有某一词语在语篇中重复出现的现象。词语复现使语篇中的 句子相互衔接和连贯，从而构成一个意义完整的有机整体。在阅读文章的过程中， 有时也会出现一些与选项意义紧密相连的同义词或近义词。要学会充分利用这些词 所提供的有效信息进行合理的推测和判断，选出正确答案。如： The merchant is dead, the article read. Dr. Alfred Nobel, who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday. Nobel was upset to find out not that he had died, but that, when his time was up, he would be thought of only as one who profited from and destruction. A. death B. disease C. trouble D. attack The first time I remember noticing the crossing guard was when he waved to me as I drove my son to school. He presented me with a puzzle- because he waved to me like someone does on seeing a close friend. Then one day the was solved. A. argument B. disagreement C. mystery D. task 技巧五：巧用背景常识，简化判断过程。 完形填空题作为独立的语篇，以其自身的内容提供完整的语篇信息，其中有时 渗透着相关的如文化科学、历史地理、风俗民情等方面的知识。考生在做题时，若 能积极调动自己的文化背景知识和生活常识，特别是有关中西方文化差异的知识， 并巧妙地加以运用，将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，顺利 地沿作者的思路阅读下去。 When we eating at that cafe in Bondi and a person who had his hamburger didnt have enough money to pay for it, without an hesitation, you went over and put the extra 2 into his hand. A. ordered B. booked C. offered D. bought 技巧六：注重习惯用语，熟记常见句型。 答题时，对习惯用法、固定搭配和句子结构的分析可以帮助我们找出正确选项。 要注意平时积累一些常用的固定搭配和习惯用法，并且学会灵活运用。常见句型的 掌握也很重要，经过反复使用的刺激后，大脑会对常见句型形成思维定势，这对确 定题目答案很有帮助。如： I got . The signs were there for the dog to see. If you want to learn the meaning of faith, get down to a childs level. One week later Grace came home. Amazing! A. this B. those C. these D. it He knew that his friends all had bicycles. It was hard to hang around with people when you were the only one without wheels. He thought about what he could do. There was no asking his parents, for he knew they had no money to spare. A. point B. reason C. result D. right 技巧七：利用语法分析，确定考查知识。 即通过分析句子结构来确定考查的语法项目，进而确定题目答案。如： My co-workers and I spent most of the day drying off. When it was 5:00 pm, I was ready to go home. I was about to turn off my computer I received an email from Garth. A. while B. when C. where D. after Based on my experiences in poverty-stricken areas, I suggested that the emotions we had were painful, they could also be important in helping us to move forward. A. once B. while C. since D. unless 技巧八：巧用排除方法，缩小选择范围。 有时我们会遇到这样的情况，对正确选项的含义、用法不甚明白，但发现其他 选项明显有误。这时可以尝试采用排除法。所谓排除法就是对选项逐一检查、验证， 发现错误的立即剔除。随着选择范围的缩小，选中正确选项的几率逐渐增大。 He kept sneezing （打喷嚏）and his nose was running. . For two days he was by his mother. As he rested more, his defense strengthened and I began to feel the pressure. A. protected B. nursed C. scolded D. affected 3、 分类练习记叙文：记叙文往往有较强的趣味性，其情节跌宕起伏，结构轻松活泼，所述情感细腻丰富， 首句常交代when, where, who, what等。高考完形填空在选择记叙文时，倾向于记 叙具有特殊品质的人物故事，注重短文本身的教育意义与情节的曲折变化。在答题 过程中，除了要把握关联词语外，还要把握文章的语气及文章对动作、场景等的描 写，以期与作者达成共鸣。 Even though it was only October, my students were already whispering about Christmas plans. With each passing day everyone became more 1 waiting for the final school bell. Upon its 2 everyone would run for their coats and go home, everyone except David. David was a small boy in ragged clothes. I had often 3 what kind of home life David had, and what kind of mother could send her son to school dressed so 4 for the cold winter months, without a coat, boots, or gloves. But something made David 5 . I can still remember he was always 6 a smile and willing to help. He always 7 after school to straighten chairs and mop the floor. We never talked much. He 8 just simply smile and ask what else he could do, then thank me for letting him stay and slowly 9 home. Weeks passed and the 10 over the coming Christmas grew into restlessness until the last day of 11 before the holiday break. I smiled in 12 as the last of them hurried out the door. Turning around I saw David 13 standing by my desk. I have something for you, he said and 14 from behind his back a small box 15 it to me, he said anxiously,Open it. I took the box from him, thanked him and slowly unwrapped it. I lifted the lid and to my 16 saw nothing. I looked at Davids smiling face and back into the box and said,The box is nice, David, but its 17 . Oh no it isnt, said David.Its full of love. My mum told me before she died that love was something you couldnt see or touch unless you know its there. Tears filled my eyes 18 I looked at the proud dirty face that I had rarely given 19 to. After that Christmas, David and I became good friends and I never forgot the meaning 20 the little empty box set on my desk. 1. A. anxious B. courageous C. serious D. cautious 2. A. warning B. ringing C. calling D. yelling 3. A. scolded B. wondered C. realized D. learned 4. A. modestly B. naturally C. inaccurately D. inappropriately 5. A. popular B. upset C. special D. funny 6. A. expressing B. delivering C. wearing D. sharing 7. A. practised B. wandered C. studied D. stayed 8. A. would B. should C. might D. could 9. A. aim at B. turn to C. put off D. head for 10. A. argument B. excitement C. movement D. judgment 11. A. school B. year C. education D. program12. A. relief B. return C. vain D. control 13. A. weakly B. sadly C. quietly D. helplessly 14. A. searched B. found C. raised D. pulled 15. A. holding B. handing C. sending D. leaving 16. A. delight B. expectation C. appreciation D. surprise17. A. cheap B. empty C. useless D. improper 18. A. as B. until C. because D. though 19. A. advice B. support C. attention D. command 20. A. from B. behind C. over D. Towards注意：“记叙文类”“三”注意 1. 了解记叙文的几大要素。记叙文的要素包括：时间、地点、人物、事件的起因、 经过和结果。 2. 弄清作者的写作意图，读懂作者的观点或态度。答题时，先通读全文，了解文章 大意，弄清作者的写作意图。虽然记叙文都会叙述一个故事，而且情节一般都较简 单，但是，在简单的故事背后，作者往往会讲述一个道理，阐述自己的观点。就事 论事一般来说不是作者记叙的目的。答题时，只有弄清作者的写作目的，才能抓住 文章的主题。 3. 注意上下文之间的逻辑关系。答题时，要注意文章上下文句与句之间以及段与段 之间的逻辑关系。如果忽视了上下文的逻辑关系，便很容易落入命题者设置的“陷 阱”中，从而误选答案。练习 A young man was one day taking a walk with a professor, who was commonly called the students friend. As they went along, they saw 1 in the path a pair of shoes, which were supposed to belong to a poor man who was working in a field close by, and who had 2 finished his days work. The student 3 the professor, saying, Lets play a(n) 4 on the man: we will hide his shoes, and we will stay behind those bushes, and wait to see his 5 when he cannot find them. My young friend, answered the professor, we should never 6 ourselves at the expense of the poor man. You are 7 , and may give yourself a much greater pleasure by means of helping the poor man. Put a 8 into each shoe, and then we will hide ourselves and watch how the 9 affects him. The student did so, 10 they both placed themselves behind the bushes close by. The poor man soon finished his work, and came 11 the field to the path where he had left his coat and shoes. While 12 his coat he slipped his foot into one of his shoes, feeling something 13. He bent down to feel what it was, and found the coin. Astonishment and wonder were seen upon his face. He gazed at the coin, turned it round, and looked at it again and again. He then looked around 14 on all sides, but no person was to be seen. He now put the money into his pocket, and went on to put on the other shoe; but his surprise was 15 on finding the other coin. His feelings 16 him; he fell upon his 17, looked up to the heaven and let out a sincere thanksgiving, in which he spoke of his wife, sick and 18, and his children without bread, whom the timely giving, from some unknown hand, would save from dying. The student stood there deeply affected, and his eyes were filled with tears. Now, said the professor, are you not much more pleased if you had played your 19 trick? The student replied, You have taught me a lesson which I will never forget. I feel now the 20 of those words, which I never understood before: It is more blessed to give than to receive.1. A. hanging B. lying C. sitting D. hiding 2. A. nearly B. seemingly C. closely D. equally 3. A. looked back B. referred to C. turned to D. puzzled over 4. A. fun B. amusement C. entertainment D. trick5. A. opinion B. confusion C. feet D. enthusiasm 6. A. treat B. delicate C. amuse D. occupy 7. A. healthy B. kind C. mean D. rich8. A. coin B. penny C. dollar D. pound 9. A. pleasure B. discovery C. tiredness D. possibility 10. A. and B. but C. thus D. therefore 11. A. around B. across C. into D. toward 12. A. taking on B. looking on C. putting on D. hanging on 13. A. hard B. tight C. soft D. loose 14. A. that B. it C. themselves D. him 15. A. folded B. accelerated C. doubled D. improved 16. A. mastered B. beat C. betrayed D. overcame 17. A. hands B. knees C. feet D. legs18. A. beautiful B. merciless C. hopeful D. helpless 19. A. intended B. required C. wanted D. interested 20. A. faith B. fact C. truth D. reliability 夹叙夹议文：夹叙夹议文是高考完形填空题的主选体裁，也是高考完形填空题中较难理解和 把握的。高考完形填空题选取的夹叙夹议文一般有两类：第一，先叙述具体的 人或事，然后引出作者的议论；第二，先提出作者的观点，然后再用具体的人 或事去证明它。所选文章一般都具有一定的社会价值和教育意义。理清文章的 结构，把作者叙述的故事和要表达的观点结合起来分析是做好这类完形填空题 的关键。 Another persons enthusiasm was what set me moving toward the success I have achieved. That person was my stepmother. I was nine years old when she entered our home in rural Virginia. My father 1 me to her with these words: “I would like you to meet the fellow who is 2 for being the worst boy in this county and will probably start throwing rocks at you no 3 than tomorrow morning.” My stepmother walked over me, 4 my head slightly upward, and looked at me right in the eye. Then she looked at my father and replied, “You are 5 .This is not the worst boy at all, 6 the smartest one who hasnt yet found an outlet（释放的途径）for his enthusiasm. That statement began a(n) 7 between us. No one had ever called me smart. My family and neighbors had built me up in my 8 as a bad boy. My stepmother changed all that. She changed many things. She 9 my father to go to a dental school, from which he graduated with honors. She moved our family into the county seat, where my fathers career could be more 10 and my brothers and I could be better 11. When I turned fourteen, she bought me a secondhand 12 and told me that she believed that I could become a writer. I knew her enthusiasm, I 13 it, and I saw how it had already improved our lives. I accepted her 14 and began to write for local newspapers. I was doing the same kind of 15 that great day I went to interview Andrew Carnegie and received the task which became my lifes work later. I wasnt the 16 beneficiary （受益者）. My father became the 17 man in town. My brothers and stepbrothers became a physician, a dentist, a lawyer, and a college president. What power 18 has! When that power is released to support the certainty of ones purpose and is 19 strengthened by faith, it becomes an irresistible （不可抗拒的）force which poverty and temporary defeat can never 20 . You can communicate that power to anyone who needs it. This is probably the greatest work you can do with your enthusiasm. 1. A. rushed B. sent C. carried D. introduced 2. A. distinguished B. favored C. mistaken D. rewarded 3. A. sooner B. later C. longer D. earlier 4. A. dragged B.shook C. raised D. bent 5. A. perfect B. right C. wrong D. impolite 6. A. but B. so C. and D. or 7. A. agreement B. friendship C. gap D. relationship 8. A. opinion B. image C. expectation D. mind 9. A. begged B. persuaded C. ordered D. invited 10. A. successful B. meaningful C. helpful D. useful 11. A. treated B. entertained C. educated D. respected 12. A. camera B. radio C. bicycle D. typewriter 13. A. considered B. suspected C. ignored D. appreciates 14. A. belief B. request C. criticism D. description 15. A. teaching B. writing C. studying D. reading 16. A. next B. same C. only D. real 17. A. cleverest B. wealthiest C. strongest D. healthiest 18. A. enthusiasm B. sympathy C.fortune D. confidence 19. A. deliberately B. happily C. traditionally D. constantly 20. A. win B. match C. reach D. doubt 注意：一般来说，夹叙夹议类完形填空首先倾向于注重短文本身的教育意义，先叙述具体的 人或事，然后引出作者的观点。答题时，一定要把记叙和议论有机结合起来。如果把 记叙和议论分割开来，只顾选各部分的答案，没有注意事件和论点的联系，对整体内 容把握不好，答案的正确率必将大打折扣。练习It was a busy morning, about 8:30, when an elderly gentleman in his 80s came to the hospital.I heard him saying to the nurse that he was in a hurry for an appointment（约会）at 9:30. The nurse had him take a 1 in the waiting area, 2 him it would be at least 40 minutes 3 someone would be able to see him. I saw him 4 his watch and decided, since I was 5 busy-my patient didnt 6 at the appointed hour, I would examine his wound. While taking care of his wound, I asked him if he had another doctors appointment. The gentleman said no and told me that he 7 to go to the nursing home to eat breakfast with his 8. He told me that she had been 9 for a while and that she had a