用电节能技术讲座1

促进节能的政策措施EnergyEfficiencyPoliciesandMeasures,能源基金会北京代表处EnergyFoundationBeijingOffice2006年5月May2006,InternationalEEProgramsandPolicies国际能效项目与政策,MandatoryVoluntary,EnergyCodesandStandardsMostImportantPoliciesforEE能效标准是最重要的节能政策之一,SavingsExceed6,000MWinCaliforniatodayand13,000MWasofYear2010(ComparedtoAbout45,000MWofTotalElectricity).在美国加州，今天的能源节约超过6000兆瓦，到2010年将超过13000兆瓦（与大约45000兆瓦的总耗电量相比）FuelCostSavingsAreatLeastTwicetheCostofEfficiency.燃料成本的节约至少是节能成本的两倍,GWHImpactsfromProgramsBegunPriorto20012001年以前节能项目产生的节能量,0,5,000,10,000,15,000,20,000,25,000,30,000,35,000,40,000,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,GWH百万千瓦时,UtilityPrograms电力公司的节能项目,BuildingStandards建筑节能标准,ApplianceStandards家用电器节能标准,14%ofAnnualUseinCaliforniain20012001年加州年用电量的14%,美国的冰箱能耗与价格演变,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100,110,1972,1976,1980,1984,1988,1992,1996,2000,Year,Index(1972=100),EffectiveDatesof,NationalStandards,=,EffectiveDatesof,StateStandards,=,Refrigerators冰箱,CentralA/C中央空调,GasFurnaces燃气灶具,ImpactofStandardsonEfficiencyof3Appliances标准对3种电器节能的影响,Source:S.Nadel,ACEEE,inECEEE2003SummerStudy,,75%,60%,25%,国标生效日期,州标生效日期,AnnualUsageofAirConditioninginNewHomesinCalifornia加州新建住宅年空调用电量,Annualdropaverages4%peryear平均每年下降4%,0,500,1,000,1,500,2,000,2,500,3,000,1970,1972,1974,1976,1978,1980,1982,1984,1986,1988,1990,1992,1994,1996,1998,2000,2002,2004,2006,kWh/YEAR,Source:CECDemandAnalysisOffice,1992FederalAppliance,Standard1992年联邦电器节能标准,CaliforniaTitle20,ApplianceStandards家用电器节能标准,1976-1982,InitialCaliforniaTitle24,BuildingStandards建筑节能标准,EstimatedImpactof2006SEER12Standards,预期到2006年SEER12标准产生的节能量,100%,33%,SalesUnits%,byGfKMS,-Italy-SDA-MDADept.,Average,AT,BE,DE,ES,FR,UK,IT,NL,PT,SE,4,8,53,4,31,5,7,2,3,2,8,49,1,38,1,6,4,3,5,11,65,7,16,8,4,3,7,57,9,32,7,32,5,47,6,12,8,6,8,6,52,6,33,3,4,5,61,26,1,9,5,3,2,47,2,32,15,5,21,2,66,6,3,3,8,35,1,45,7,7,9,10,7,3,2,70,24,3,EnergyClassA+,EnergyClassA+,EnergyClassA,EnergyClassB,EnergyClassC,Others,2004RefrigeratorsalesintenEUcountries2004年欧盟销售的冰箱能效水平,TaxIncentives税收激励,Performance-Based基于绩效Incentivedependsonlyonmeetinganenergytarget激励程度取决于要满足的某一节能目标,Cost-Based基于成本Incentivedependsonlyonhowmuchyouspendonenergyefficiency激励程度取决于由于提高能源效率而导致的成本增加,ConsiderationforIncentivePolicyDesign激励机制设计,Partofabroadenergypolicypackage，Provideforpositiveinteractionbetweenenergycodes,labels,andfinancialincentives.是综合能源政策的一部分，与能源法规、标准、标识产生积极互动Incentivesshouldbebasedonperformanceandnotcost,wheneverpossible.尽可能使激励手段基于绩效而非成本Energyperformancegoalsshouldbeambitiousenoughto:节能绩效目标应该能：Minimizefreeridership使“搭便车”行为减至最少Controlcosts考虑承受能力、控制成本,ConsiderationforIncentivePolicyDesign激励机制设计,Targetsmaybeprovidedinseveraltiers.可对目标分批、分级实现Anadministrativestructuretooverseeincentiveawarding建立管理机构来监督激励项目的实施Tomaintainintegrity需要监督来保证公正性notburdensome程序不应该太繁琐Compliancedocumentationshouldhavemarketvalue达标证书应该具有市场价值Providecomplementaryprogramsforeducation,outreach,andmarketingofthetaxincentives.要针对激励政策开展教育、推广以及宣传活动，提高效果,DeliveryMechanisms实施机制,Stateagencygrantsorloans政府机构拨款或贷款Taxincentivesatnationalorprovincialleveldesignedbyofficials由政府部门决定国家或地方的税收激励Stateornationaltaxincentivesfixedbylegislationordecree.通过立法或法令确定州级或国家级的税收激励,AdministrativeMechanisms管理机制,Utility-runrebateprograms.公用事业部门实施的补贴项目Privatesectorornon-profitprograms.私营部门或非营利部门ProvincialornationalEnergyorEnvironmentalAgencyadministrationofprograms.由地方或国家的能源或环境机构来实施项目FinanceMinistryprocessesapplications.财政部门处理相关申请手续,FundingSources资金来源,Generalgovernmentrevenues一般性政府财政投入PublicBenefitsFundforutilitycustomers公共效益基金Carbontaxesorpollutiontaxes碳税或污染税Enhancedrevenuecollectionfrombusinesses提高企业征税,StateswithPBF采用公共效益基金的州,PBFintheUS美国的公共效益基金,See/briefs/mktabl.htmfordetails,UKClimateChangeProgram英国气候变化项目,Establishedin20002000年设立KyotoProtocolcommitmentofa12.5%reductioninGHG京都议定书要求减排CO2目标Domesticgoalofa20%CO2emissionsreductionrelativeto1990by2010国内目标减排20%,ProgrammesAimedatIndustryandBusiness项目针对工商行业,ClimateChangeLevyandAgreements气候变化收费和协议UKEmissionsTradingScheme国内排放交易CarbonTrust碳基金EnhancedCapitalAllowances为企业提高能效提供资金支持EUEmissionsTradingScheme欧盟内部排放交易,ClimateChangeLevy气候变化税,Energytaxappliedtoindustry,commerce,agriculture,andthepublicsector针对工业、商业、农业和公共部门所开征的能源税Notapplytodomesticcustomersorcharities不对居民和公益事业征收ElectricityproducedthroughCHPorREnottaxed热电联产和可再生能源电力免征,ClimateChangeLevy气候变化税率,ClimateChangeLevy“RevenueNeutral”气候变化税收入中性,Toprotecttheplanet,notawayofraisingmoney为了环保，不是提高税收手段收入通过如下渠道返回给企业：Revenuereturnedtoindustrythrough:0.3%reductionintherateofemployersNationalInsuranceContributions,0.3%社保贡献减免FundingoftheCarbonTrust(aPBF)and建立弹基金（公共效益基金）Reductionsorexemptionsformeetingtargetsorswitchingtorenewablesorcogeneration达标减免或采用热电联产和可再生能源,CarbonTrustatypeofPBF碳基金-公共效益基金,Anindependentbodytopromotecarbonreductionsinindustry,commerceandpublicsector独立机构促进碳排放减排Advisesindustrye.g.throughsitevisits给工业提供咨询ProvideslowcostsloansforEEprojects提供优惠贷款Providesventurecapitalforinvestmentsinearly-stagecarbonreductiontechnologies对未商业化的减排技术提供风险基金,ClimateChangeAgreements气候变化协议,Energyefficiencyagreements能效协议80%discountonClimateChangeLevyformeetingtargets达标气候变化税减免80%Duration:2001to2013Projectedcarbonsavingsof2.5MtCby2010到2010年，预计每年减排250万吨碳Tentimestheestimatedpriceeffectofthelevyalone协议所取得的效果是税收本身效果的10倍,ImpactoftheCCLonIndustryCCL对行业的影响,Energyhasbecomeahigh-levelissue.Chiefexecutivesandfinancedirectorsarealerttotheadditionalcostsoftheirenergyandtotheimportanceofensuringtheymeettheirtargetsandmaintaintheirlevyreductions.提高了高层管理人员对能效和达标的重视Industryissavingover450million($832M)ayearontheenergyithasnotboughtasaresultofmeetingtheCCAtargets,inadditiontothesavingsontheClimateChangeLevyitself.除在气候变化税上投入减少外，每年节约的能源开支达4.5亿英镑,CCA气候变化协议,Actualsavings实际减排量2002target1.6MtC-performance4.4MtC2002年目标：160万吨碳实际440万吨2004target1.5MtC-performance3.9MtC2004年目标150万吨碳实际390万吨,HowdidtheCCAsproducethisresponse?气候变化协议效果是如何实现的？,Cruciallinkbetweenthelevyandtheagreements收费和协议目标联系起来CCAswerenotasimplepricesignalCCA不是一个简单的价格信号Togetthediscountonthetax,thecompaniesHADtotakeactionandreporttheresults为获得税收减免企业必须开展节能活动并上报效果,VoluntaryProgramsandPolicies自愿协议项目与政策,信息传播InformationDissemination案例研究Casestudies-基准评价Benchmarking通讯Newsletters-审计/评估Audits/assessments设备标识Equipmentlabels技术示范TechnologyDemonstration新兴技术Emergingtechnologies最佳实践Bestpractices培训Training能源审计与评估Energyauditsandassessments能源管理Energymanagement,InternationalVAPrograms国际上的自愿协议项目,澳大利亚：精英能源企业项目，温室气体挑战加拿大：工业节能项目丹麦：工业能效协议法国：CO2减排自愿协议芬兰：工业节能方法协议Australia:EnergySmartBusinessProgram,GreenhouseChallengeCanada:IndustryProgramforEnergyConservation(CIPEC)Denmark:AgreementsonIndustrialEnergyEfficiencyFrance:VoluntaryAgreementsonCO2ReductionsFinland:AgreementsonIndustrialEnergyConservationMeasures,InternationalVAPrograms国际上的自愿协议项目,德国：预防全球变暖德国工业声明日本：Keidanren环境保护自愿行动计划荷兰：长期能效协议、基准协议挪威：挪威工业能效网络Germany:TheDeclarationofGermanIndustryonGlobalWarmingPreventionJapan:KeidanrenVoluntaryActionPlanontheEnvironmentNetherlands:Long-TermAgreementsonEnergyEfficiency,BenchmarkingCovenantNorway:NorwegianIndustrialEnergyEfficiencyNetwork,InternationalVoluntaryAgreement国际自愿协议项目,瑞典：EKO能源英国：气候变化税收，高耗能工业部门能效目标，最佳能效实践项目，合作协议运动美国：铝业工业自愿伙伴关系，PFC减排伙伴关系Sweden:EKO-EnergiU.K.:ClimateChangeLevy,Energy-IntensiveIndustrySectorEfficiencyTargets,EnergyEfficiencyBestPracticeProgram,MakeaCorporateCommitmentCampaign(MCCC)U.S.:VoluntaryAluminumIndustrialPartnership;PFCEmissionsReductionPartnershipfortheSemi-ConductorIndustry,VA:FocusonFourKeyAspects自愿协议：4个主要方面,自愿协议框架Frameworkforvoluntaryagreements节能潜力分析及目标设立Analysisofpotentialandtarget-setting企业的义务Industryobligations政府的支持性政策与项目Governmentsupportingpoliciesandprograms监督、评估与实施Supervision,evaluation,andenforcement,RecommendationsforSuccessfulVA成功实施行业目标建议,自愿协议必须是政策体系的一部分，包含相关的支持项目和法规VAsmustbepartoflarger,overallpolicyincludingsupportingprogramsandregulations协议各参与方（公司、工业协会、第三方、政府）都应该参与自愿协议的设计和磋商AllpartiestotheagreementsincludedinthedesignandnegotiationofVA在目标设定以前，必须准备和商谈好相关的规则和程序Rulesandproceduresprepared&negotiatedpriortotarget-setting,RecommendationsforSuccessfulVA成功实施行业目标建议,必须进行机构能力建设，以适应长期协议目标的完成Institutionalcapacitydevelopedtosupportachievementoftargetsoverthelongterm如果设定行业级的目标，那么单个公司也必须签定单独的协议Iftargetsaresetatthesectorlevel,thenindividualenterprisesmustalsoestablishspecificagreements财政激励和/或制裁手段将使自愿协议更加有效和有力Financialincentivesand/orsanctionsmakeVAsstrongerandmoreeffective,RecommendationsforSuccessfulVA成功实施行业目标建议,TargetSetting目标设定可以通过多种节能活动实现目标Targetsmustallowforinclusionofawiderangeofenergy-savingactivities目标设立要有长期性（至少5年）Targetsshouldbesetforthelongerterm(atleast5years)设立阶段目标衡量进展Milestonesshouldbesettomeasureprogress目标设立必须公开透明，保证信誉度Targetsettingshouldbetransparenttoretaincredibility,RecommendationsforSuccessfulVA成功实施行业目标建议,SupervisionandEvaluation监测和评估评价应由独立的第三方来完成Evaluationdonebyanindependentthirdparty清晰、透明的监测和数据报告体系是必须的Clearandtransparentsupervisionanddatareportingsystem报告和监测应该以提高能效的具体措施为基础ReportingandsupervisionbaseonEEmeasurements评价项目进展，必要时可以用来进行调整（如：分年度评价进展情况）Projectprogressevaluatedforadjustmentifnecessary(e.g.evaluateprogresstowardsmilestoneseveryyear),需求侧管理,需求侧管理不只是缺电情况下的应急工具需求侧管理保证系统可靠性、控制市场操纵力、提高经济效率、保证可持续发展的长期工具,有效DSM工作需要,法律法规支持和明确义务和权利明确的政策目标和切实可行的实施计划有效的激励机制和资金支持强有力的监督和实施效果的评估广泛的公众教育和相关的能力建设,1.能效优先,最小社会成本的电力发展规划，综合考虑DSM和节能确保DSM由负荷管理向提高能效转变提高能效比负荷管理更有效降低负荷增长提高能效能长期发挥作用,与短期负荷管理相比能效潜力巨大,能效与负荷管理同时进行,2.能效标准、标识,制定和实施建筑物、工业设备和家电产品的最低能效标准和认证制度标准、标识能够提高高效产品的市场份额标准实施的有效监督政府采购和示范作用,3.市场设计鼓励DSM,需求方竟标或相关项目参与竞争性电力市场DSM和需求侧竟标是应对操纵市场和降低电价的有效手段包括终端用电效率、短期负荷反应、分散式发电、热电联产等长期来讲，可以节约30%以上的电力消费,4.DSM对电力公司有利可图,目前输配电价制约DSM、能效和分时电价电力公司投入到DSM和能效上收益不低于发电投资收入上限可以排除电力公司开展DSM的潜在利益冲突,5.为DSM提供资金支持,对DSM的支持应该与支持发电同等重要稳定和可遇见的支持机制可以对DSM活动进行规划和实施DSM资金的管理方式相对政府的决心和承诺并不重要,6.改善价格形成机制,完善的发电和终端销售电价改善发电和终端销售电价努力应该与DSM资金支持活动相互协调销售电价应该与上网电价实行互动阶梯式电价利用高峰电价建立公共效益基金支持DSM,FrameworkforVADenmark丹麦自愿协议框架,协议的焦点FocusofAgreement化石燃料消费的CO2税CO2taxonfossilfuelconsumption签订自愿协议的高耗能工业的税收豁免Energy-intensiveindustriescanbeexemptediftheysignavoluntaryagreement目标Target至2005年全国CO2排放减少20%20%reductioninnationalCO2emissionsby2005其中4%由工业部门实现4%fromtheindustrialsector,AnalysisofPotentialandTarget-SettingDenmark丹麦的节能潜力分析与目标设立,有资格的专家对单个工厂进行的能源审计Energyauditsforindividualplantsbyapprovedconsultants有资格的专家出具的审计报告，并经独立的有资格的验证机构核实Auditreportbyapprovedconsultant,verifiedbyindependentcertifiedverificationagency工厂的能源消耗Energyconsumptionatplant列举提高能效的潜力Listofpotentialenergyefficiencyimprovements特殊检测的建议Suggestionsforspecialinvestigations,AnalysisofPotentialandTarget-SettingDenmark丹麦的节能潜力分析与目标设立,工业部门行业报告Sectorreportsforindustrialsectors部门能耗及生产过程分析Sector-wideanalysisofenergyconsumptionandproductionprocesses公司内部提高能效的一般性潜力的确认、Identificationofgeneralpotentialsforimprovingenergyefficiencyinthecompanies,IndustryObligationsDenmark丹麦企业的义务,节能项目的强制性执行Mandatoryimplementationofenergy-savingprojects公司必须实施“营利性”节能项目（如能源审计所确认每个项目均有4年的回报期）Companiesmustimplement“profitable”energy-savingsprojects(allprojectswithpaybackperiodsofupto4yearsasidentifiedinanenergyaudit)能源管理Energymanagement公司必须引用能源管理并且激励员工保证新投资的设备高效节能Companiesmustintroduceenergymanagementandmotivatestafftoensureinvestmentsinnewequipmentwillbeenergy-efficient,IndustryObligationsDenmark丹麦企业的义务,能源管理必须包括：Energymanagementmustinclude:能源政策和能效目标Energypolicyandenergyefficiencytargets能源帐目Energyaccounting能效采购与设计的程序Proceduresforenergy-efficientprocurementanddesign员工教育与激励Educationandmotivationofstaff,GovernmentSupportingPoliciesandProgramsDenmark丹麦政府支持性政策与项目,丹麦能源机构提供如下支持：DanishEnergyAgencyprovidessupport:与工业协会磋商一揽子协议，以使单个公司免于此类商谈Negotiatescollectiveagreementswithindustrialassociationssothatindividualcompaniesdonothavetonegotiate为能源管理系统的实施与能源审计的执行制定特别准则Developedspecificguidelinesforimplementationofenergymanagementsystemsandperformanceofenergyaudits,GovernmentSupportingPoliciesandProgramsDenmark丹麦政府支持性政策与项目,提供节能潜力与技术信息Providesinformationonenergy-savingpotentialsandtechnologies管理投资资金Administersinvestmentgrants政府提供年度CO2税收返还GovernmentprovidesannualCO2taxrebate,Supervision,Evaluation,&EnforcementDenmark丹麦监测、评估与实施,监督与评估SupervisionandEvaluation公司向丹麦能源机构递交年度进展报告AnnualprogressreportbycompanygiventoDanishEnergyAgency数据的自行报告Self-reportingofdata丹麦能源机构所收集并核实的数据DatacollectedandverifiedbyDanishEnergyAgency用来评估工厂行动的数据Datausedtoevaluateplantperformance,Supervision,Evaluation,&EnforcementDenmark丹麦的监测、评估与实施,实施Enforcement没有进行行动项目中所列举活动的公司要退回当年所享受的CO2税收返还部分CompanieswhofailtotakeactionsoutlinedinActionProgrammustpaybackCO2taxrebatefromthatyear,Canada:FrameworkforVA加拿大自愿协议框架,协议的焦点FocusofAgreement能源效率Energyefficiency目标Target从1995年至2000年间工业能效（即每单位产出的能源消耗）以年均1%的速度增长1%peryearaverageannualimprovementinindustrialenergyefficiency(energyuseperunitofoutput)from1995to2000,Canada:AnalyzePotential&Target-Setting加拿大节能潜力分析与目标的设立,参与方Participants所有的工业部门Allindustrialsectors3000个企业3000firms占工业耗能的85%85%ofindustrialenergyconsumption部门任务的强制性SectorTaskForces制定能效目标和计划Developenergyefficiencytargetsandplans,Canada:AnalysisofPotentialandTarget-Setting加拿大节能潜力分析与目标的设立,设立一揽子工业部门目标Setcollectiveindustrysectortarget制定行动计划以实现目标DevelopsActionPlanstomeettargets独立公司承诺达到特别的目标Individualcompaniescommittomeetspecifictargets,IndustryObligationsCanada加拿大企业义务,政府（通过加拿大工业节能项目）Government(throughCanadianIndustryProgramforEnergyConservation)协助找寻可操作的技术性机遇以设立目标，从而达到行业目标Assistsintarget-settingbyidentifyingoperationalandtechnicalopportunitiesformeetingthesectortargets实施节能项目ImplementationofEnergy-SavingProjects,Canada:IndustryObligations加拿大企业的义务,年度报告AnnualReport评估当年能效提高情况Assesscurrentyearprogressinimprovingenergyefficiency基准评价：将设施与工业平均水平及“最佳实践”（被定义为最高水平）相比较Benchmarking:compareafacilitytotheindustrymeanaswellastoa“bestpractice”(definedasthetopquartile),Canada:GovernmentSupport加拿大政府的支持性政策与项目,加拿大工业节能项目CanadianIndustryProgramforEnergyConservationprovidessupport:提供的支持：辨清障碍与机遇Identifyingobstaclesandopportunities设立部门目标Settingsector-leveltargets制定实现目标的战略Developingstrategiestoreachtargets工作小组为单个部门提供有关能源的信息和专家Workinggroupsprovideinformationandexpertiseonenergyissuesforindividualsectors,Canada:GovernmentSupport加拿大政府的支持性政策与项目,为工业提供强有力的交流与认识促进项目Providesastrongcommunicationsandawarenessprogramforindustry联邦统计机构FederalStatisticalAgency收集有关数据，测量并报告工业达标进程Collectionofrelevantdatatomeasureandreportindustrysprogresstowardmeetingtheirtargets,Supervision,Evaluation,&Enforcement加拿大的监督、评估与实施,数据收集DataCollection独立的第三方通过联邦统计机构收集相关数据（加拿大统计）Independent,3rdpartycollectionofrelevantdatathroughthefederalstatisticsagency(StatisticsCanada)基准评价Benchmarking温室气体排放自愿报告VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasEmissions实施Enforcement没有None,Netherlands:FrameworkforVA荷兰自愿协议框架,协议的焦点FocusofAgreement能源效率Energyefficiency目标Target国家目标为10年内将工业能效提高20%Nationaltargetof20%improvementinindustrialenergyefficiencyin10years大多数部门同意将能效提高20%Mostsectorsagreedtoimproveenergyefficiencyby20%,Netherlands:FrameworkforVA荷兰自愿协议框架,参与方Participants所有消耗一定能源的工业部门Allindustrialsectorswithenergyconsumptionofacertainlevel1250家企业1250firms占工业能耗的90%90%ofindustrialenergyconsumption,Netherlands:AnalyzePotential&Target-Setting荷兰节能潜力分析与目标设立,公司的节能潜力评估AssessmentofEnergyEfficiencyPotentialatcompanyNOVEM的机密报告ConfidentialreportbyNOVEM单个公司准备的节能计划EnergyConservationPlanspreparedbyindividualcompanies参考年度于本年度的能耗状况描述Descriptionofenergyconsumptioninthereferenceyearandcurrentyear公司的能效目标Energyefficiencytargetofthecompany,Netherlands:AnalyzePotential&Target-Setting荷兰节能潜力分析与目标设立,可能采取的行动的指征Indicationofpossibleactivities预计的行动时间表Estimatedtimetableofactivities监督与报告方法Methodofmonitoringandreporting单个公司的贡献对于整个部门目标实现的意义Whatindividualcompanycontributionwillbetotheoverallsectortarget,Netherlands:IndustryObligations荷兰企业的义务,行业目标由工业部门协会与经济事务部之间协商SectortargetsarenegotiatedbetweentheindustrysectorassociationandtheMinistryofEconomicAffairs单个公司签订的具有法律意义的协议Legally-bindingagreementssignedbyindividualcompanies节能计划的实施ImplementationofEnergyConservationPlan依据需要每两年修改节能计划ReviseEnergyConservationPlaneverytwoyearsasneeded年度监督与报告Annualmonitoringandreporting年度报告Annualreport,Netherlands:GovernmentSupport荷兰政府的支持性政策和项目,信息的传播与实验InformationDisseminationandDemonstration工业部门协会为会员提供有关能效提高的机会的信息Industrysectorassociationsprovideinformationtomembersregardingenergyefficiencyimprovementopportunities用于证明新能效技术的补贴达到40%Upto40%subsidytodemonstratenewenergyefficiencytechnologies能源审计EnergyAudits能源与环境审计的补贴约占45%Subsidyofabout45%forenergyandenvironmentalaudits,Netherlands:GovernmentSupport荷兰政府的支持性政策和项目,能源管理EnergyManagement审计与检测工具：能源潜力扫描与能源监测系统Auditingandmonitoringusingtools:EnergyPotentialScanandEnergyMonitoringSystem与环境管理相结合Integrationwithenvironmentalmanagement投资补贴与财政激励InvestmentSubsidiesandFiscalIncentives25%的补贴用于热电联产项目25%subsidyforcogeneration(CHP)projects,Netherlands:GovernmentSupport荷兰政府的支持性政策和项目,对某些环境技术的投资的加速折旧Earlydepreciationofinvestmentsincertainenvironmentaltechnologies能源投资税单在能效技术方面的附加投资的40%可以由投资本年度的财政收益来承担Energyinvestmenttaxscheme40%oftheadditionalinvestmentinenergy-efficienttechnologiescanbesubtractedfromfiscalprofittheyeartheinvestmentismadeNovem荷兰能源与环境署作为节能行动的促进者起到协调作用Coordinatingroleaspromoterofenergyconservationactivities,Supervision,Evaluation,&Enforcement荷兰的监测、评估与实施,年度报告AnnualReport能效指数100实际能耗量参考能耗量EnergyEfficiencyIndex100 xActualEnergyConsumptionReferenceEnergyConsumption对已执行项目与方法的回顾于总结Overviewofimplementedprojectsandmeasuresthathavecontributedtotheenergysavings节能计划-由企业每两年依据年度报告进行更新EnergyConservationPlanupdatedbyfirmsevery2yearsbasedonAnnualReport,Supervision,Evaluation,&Enforcement荷兰的监测、评估与实施,年度进展报告-NOVEM向顾问董事会报告行业总体进展情况，以便于其准备年度进展报告AnnualProgressReport-NovemreportsaggregatesectorresultstoConsultativeBoardwhichpreparesannualp