系统功能语言学ppt课件

YouCanNegotiateAnything,Abouttheauthor,HerbCohenhasbeencalledtheworldsbestnegotiator.Hesinternationallyrenownedasacorporateandgovernmentalconsultantonnegotiatingstrategy,commercialdealingsandcrisismanagement.AsaU.S.presidentialadvisor,hehashelpedtoformulatepolicyonhostagenegotiationsandterrorism.HeispresidentofthePowerNegotiationsInstituteinNorthbrook,IL.,AbouttheBook,YouCanNegotiateAnything,firstpublishedin1982,isabookonnegotiationbyHerbCohen.ThebookwasabestsellerontheNewYorkTimeslistforover9months.Itiswritteninastorytellingwayandexplainstothereadertheconceptsandstrategiesofnegotiation.,Cohenpresentsinthisbookguidelines,personalanecdotes,andpracticaladviceonhowtowinanegotiation.Accordingtohim,nomatterwhereweareorwhomwearewith;weareinanegotiation:beitwithourspouse,ourchildren,ourparents,ourco-workers,andourfriends.Wediscussourideas,whatwewant,trytosellourthoughts;andinreturn,weallowtheotherpersontogetwhattheywant.,Briefsummary,Cohenoutlines,inanegotiation,therearethreecrucialvariables:power,time,andinformation.Aneffectivenegotiatorgainspowerduringnegotiationbytakingcalculatedrisks,leveragingexpertise,beingpersistentandpersuasiveandunderstandingthepointofviewoftheotherside.Gaininganauthorityoveranegotiationpavesthewayforcooperationandinvolvetheotherparticipantstofocustowardthesamegoal.,Timeisanimportantvariableasitisadvantageoustobeonthesidewithmosttime.Headvisestosetdeadlinesofourownmaking,withoutignoringthem.Nextisinformation;themoreyouknow,thebetterthechancesofwinningthenegotiation.Tosummarizehisthoughts,towinanegotiation,oneshouldknowwheretotakerisks,whentoact,andhowlongtoprolonganegotiatingacttogettheinformationrequired.,系统功能语言学下的话语分析,分析话语的概念意义、人际意义、谋篇意义韩礼德把词汇语法的功能，即语义抽象化为三类：1）概念意义，即人类所认知的各种经验片段及逻辑关系；2）人际意义，即言语的功能和说话人的态度、判断等3）谋篇意义，即语言靠自身机制将此句组成连贯的语篇，以表达概念和人际意义,系统功能语言学视角下的语言层面,人际意义的分析人际意义主要指言语在社会交往中的功能，以及说话人的态度、判断等。言语功能在词汇语法层面由小句的语气来体现，如命令由祈使语气、提问由疑问语气、陈述由陈述语气来体现。从语旨（语境）角度看，每种言语功能都有一定的言语用途，如命令用来索取物品或服务、提问用来索取信息、陈述用来提供信息等；而言语用途又构建了话语的基调，反映出说话人的地位及其听话人之间的社会角色关系。,例如：Angry，Ireachedunderthetable,grabbedtheculpritbyhisshoulders,andslammedhimdownontheseatbesideme.Imuttered,Justsitthere.Donottalktome,yourmother,yourbrother,oryoursister!（1）Hereplied,sure,butcanIstandonthechair?（2）Allright,Iconceded,butjustleaveallofusalone!（3）FirstchapterfromYouCanNegotiateAnything,这段对话是节选自本书中父亲和小儿子在餐厅就餐时的一组对话。首先，基于初步印象便可以推断出语旨意特征：双方的角色在地位上是有悬殊的，然后可推断出语义特征：一方处于被动地位。接下来可以从词汇语法形式上寻找证据。（1）中用了祈使语气，言语功能为发号施令，父亲命令儿子（2）中用了疑问语气，言语功能用来提问，想要获取许可，儿子想获得父亲的许可（3）用了陈述句和祈使语气回答，表示许可，加上命令，父亲命令儿子。,至于体现说话人态度、判断的词汇语法形式，主要包括诸如情态动词如may,will,should,can(2)中儿子用了情态动词can表示请求，处于被动地位；（3）中父亲虽然让步，但是仍然用了but引导的祈使句，表示父亲的态度仍然是不愿理会小儿子。,理论指导翻译实践基于以上分析，译者将此段文本做了如下翻译，我非常生气，把手伸到桌子下面，抓住这个小家伙的肩膀，将他狠狠地摔在我旁边的椅子上，低声对他说：“不准和我说话，不准和你妈妈说话，不准和哥哥，姐姐说话.”他回答道：“好吧，可是让我站在椅子上