语用 演示文稿.ppt

S(6):Amouseisafraidofacat.,*2.Asentencecannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse,butapropositioncan.,Propositionallogic,conjunction(联言):pq(orp等值):pq(readas“pisequivalenttoq”),negation(负命题):p(readas“notp”),Sheisacollegestudent(p)andshemajorsinEnglish,Sheisacollegestudent(p)orsheisamiddleschoolstudent(q),Ifsheisacollegestudent(p),(then)shemajorsinEnglish(q),Ifandonlyifsheisacollegestudent(p),shemajorsinEnglish(q),Notsheisacollegestudent(p),2.Deixishecarriedabigstick.,Asopposedtoanaphora,somereferentsoccurlaterinthetext,or,inotherwords,wemayusesomewordstoreferforward.Anywordusedforthisfunctioniscalledacataphora.,Asopposedtoanaphora,somereferentsoccurlaterinthetext,or,inotherwords,wemayusesomewordstoreferforward.Anywordusedforthisfunctioniscalledacataphora.e.g:Iturnedthecornerandalmoststeppedonit.Therewasalargesnakeinthemiddleofthepath.,ZeroAnaphora(orEllipsis)a)Peelanonionandsliceit.b)Droptheslicesintohotoil.c)Cookforthreeminutes.Cook(?)forthreeminutes”,CriticismofthePrincipleofEconomy:Inactuallanguageuse,such(PrincipleofEconomy)isnotthecase,andnaturallyenough:languageeconomyispracticedonlywhereitiseconomicallynecessaryordesirable.Buthowabouteverydayuseoflanguage?Whenweseecompetentlanguageusersinaction,itmakeslittlesensetotalkabouteconomy.,CategoriesofPresupposition,ExistentialPresuppositions:possessiveIllocutionarypoint(force);Expressedpsychologicalstate,Representativedeclaration(阐述类宣告）Boss:Youarefired!,“cautiousnotes”,Thesignificanceoftheconstantuseofhedgesbyparticipantsindailycommunicationliesinthefactthattheaddressersseemtoworrythattheymaybeindangerofbeingconsideredtobeunwillingtocooperatewiththeaddressees,which,conversely,suggeststhatpeopleareawareoftheircooperativerolesincommunication.,“hedges”,Cooperativeprinciple(CP)proposedbyGrice(1975),wasdefinedas“Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged”.,Maxims,Quantity,QualityTrytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue.,Relation:Berelevant.,Fourspecificmaxims,Manner,2)Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.,1)Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired(forthecurrentpurposesoftheexchange).,1)Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.,2)Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.,1)Avoidobscurityofexpression.2)Avoidambiguity.3)Bebrief(avoidunnecessaryprolixity).4)Beorderly.,GCIGeneralizedConversationalImplicatures,PCIParticularizedConversationalImplicatures,Conventionalimplicatures,ConversationalImplicatures,Implicatures,1)TactMaxim(inimpositives指令andcommissives承诺)(a)Minimizecosttoother(b)Maximizebenefittoother2)GenerosityMaxim(inimpositivesandcommissives)(a)Minimizebenefittoself(b)Maximizecosttoself.3)ApprobationMaxim(inexpressives表情andassertives表述)(a)Minimizedispraiseofother(b)Maximizepraiseofother4)ModestyMaxim(inexpressivesandassertives)(a)Minimizepraiseofself(b)Maximizedispraiseofself5)AgreementMaxim(inassertives)(a)Minimizedisagreementbetweenselfandother(b)Maximizeagreementbetweenselfandother6)SympathyMaxim(inassertives)(a)Minimizeantipathybetweenselfandother(b)Maximizesympathybetweenselfandother,1.1InferentialMode&CodeModel,Differences:Aninferentialprocessstartsfromasetofpremisesandresultsinasetofconclusionswhichfollowlogicallyfrom,orareatleastwarrantedby,thepremises.Adecodingprocessstartsformasignalandresultsintherecoveryofamessagewhichisassociatedtothesignalbyanunderlyingcode.Ingeneral,conclusionsarenotassociatedtotheirpremisesbyacode,andsignalsdonotwarrantthemessagestheyconvey.(Sperber1986:12-13),S1:(a)EitherMaryisearlyorBobislate.(b)Bobisneverlate.,S2:/mriiz:li/,S3:Maryisearly.,inferred(),decoded(),inferred(X),decoded(X),Convergenceanddivergenceofindividuals,Convergeonthesamelanguage,thesameinferentialabilities,e.g.attitudetowardsacouplesquarrels,Differentassumptionsleadtoidiosyncrasy.,Grammarsandinferentialabilitiesstabiliseafteralearningperiodandremainunchangedfromoneutteranceorinferencetothenext.Bycontrast,eachnewexperienceaddstotherangeofpotentialc