Lecture+3+莎士比亚18行诗和诗歌知识.ppt

LectureThree,BasicKnowledgeofPoetryAndonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts,Hisactsbeingsevenages.Atfirsttheinfant,Mewling(cry)andpuking(vomit)inthenursesarms.Andthenthewhining(energetic)school-boy,withhissatchel(bag)Andshiningmorningface,creepinglikesnailUnwillinglytoschool.Andthenthelover,Sighinglikefurnace,withawoeful(sad)balladMadetohismistresseyebrow.Thenasoldier,Fullofstrangeoathsandbeardedlikethepard(leopard豹),Jealousinhonour,suddenandquickinquarrel,SeekingthebubblereputationEveninthecannonsmouth(炮口).Andthenthejustice(judge),Infairroundbellywithgoodcapon(cock)lined=largebellybecauseofcorruption,Witheyessevereandbeardofformalcut,Fullofwisesaws(proverbs)andmoderninstances(currentexamples);Andsoheplayshispart.ThesixthageshiftsIntotheleanandslipperdpantaloon(afoolisholdslimmanwithslippers),Withspectaclesonnoseandpouchonside,Hisyouthfulhose(长筒袜),wellsaved,aworldtoowideForhisshrunkshank(slimlegs);andhisbigmanlyvoice,Turningagaintowardchildishtreble,pipesAndwhistlesinhissound.Lastsceneofall,Thatendsthisstrangeeventfulhistory,Issecondchildishnessandmereoblivion(forgettingeverything),Sans(without)teeth,sanseyes,sanstaste,sanseverything.,Poetry:awaytoexpressyourstrongemotions,Beowulf:thenationalepicofAnglo-Saxonscontainsatleast3182lines(alliteration头韵,therepetitionofthefirstconsonantorvowel)TheCanterburyTales:anarrativepoemwritteninrhymediambicpentameter,heroiccouplet(英雄双韵体)ShakespearesplaysandSonnets:unrhymediambicpentameter(无韵式抑扬格五音步),blankverse(素体诗),BasicKnowledgeofPoetry,Stanza(诗节):agroupoflinessetofffromtheotherlinesinapoem.Itisthepoeticequivalentofaparagraphinprose.Intraditionalpoems,thestanzausuallycontainsaunitofthought.Tersarima:three-linedstanza三行诗节Quatrain:four-linedstanza四行诗节Octave:律诗Sonnet:十四行诗Couplet:双韵体Foot/feet:音步Rhythm:格律Poeticlicense:诗的破格Poeticdiction:诗语（诗歌用词）：e.g.thou/theeyou;thy/thineyour;thyselfyourself;artare;owstown,Foot（feet）音步,Foot/feet(音步):asyllableoragroupof2or3syllables.Toscanalineofpoetry,onecountsthenumberoffeetinaline.Forabeginner,theeasiestthingtodoistocountthenumberofstresses.Typicallyafootwillcontainastressedandanunstressedsyllable.单音步：monometer两音步：dimeter三音步：trimeter四音步：tetrameter五音步：pentameter六音步：hexameter七音步：heptameter八音步：octameter,Rhythm格律,1.iambicaimbik(adj.)iambus(n.)抑扬格:weak+strong2.trochaictrukeiik(adj.)trochee(n.)扬抑格:strong+weak3.anapaestic,npi:stik(adj.)anapaest(n.)抑抑扬格:weak+weak+strong4.dactylicdktilik(adj.)dactyl(n.)扬抑抑格:strong+weak+weak5.spondaicspndeiik(adj.)Spondeespndi:(n.)(扬扬格):strong+strong6.pyrrhicpirik(adj.For,soswiftlyitflew,thesightCouldnotfollowitinitsflight.前两行是end-stoppedline，后两行是run-online.,Sonnet（商籁体/十四行诗）,Sonnet：afourteen-linepoemusuallyiniambicpentameterwithaspecificrhymescheme.Thebasicsonnetformsinclude：1）theItaliansonnet(thePetrachansonnet)：rhymescheme:abba,abba,cde,cde2）theSpenseriansonnetrhymescheme:abab,bcbc,cdcd,ee3）theEnglishsonnet(theShakespeareansonnet)rhymescheme:abab,cdcd,efef,gg,Theoldesttypeofpoetryisprobablyepic.Epicsareusuallyaboutearlyhistoryortheoriginofanation.e.g.:IliadandOdysseywrittenbytheblindHomer,datefromthe8thcenturyBC.TheEnglishepicBeowulf17thcenturyepics:ParadiseLostbyJohnMilton,Epic(史诗),Ballad(歌谣),Onthecontrary,balladsarejustsingle,spiritedpoemswrittenin4-linestanzas,inwhichsomepopularstoriesarevividlytold.Theyareespeciallypopularinthe15thcenturyandtellstoriesaboutthefamousoutlawRobinHoodandhismerrymen.Othercharacteristicsofpopularballadsarehistorical,legendary,fantastical,lyricalandhumorous.19thCenturyWilliamWordsworth,S.T.Coleridge,Pastoral(田园诗),Pastoralisaformofescapeliteratureconcernedwithcountrypleasures.Itusuallypresentsasimple,idealizedcountryenvironmentinhabitedbyshepherdsandshepherdesseswhoareengagedintendingsheep,fallinginlove,andhavingfriendlypoetrycontest.EdmundSpenser,陶渊明：Chinesepoet,饮酒其五晋陶渊明结庐在人境，而无车马喧。问君何能尔？心远地自偏。采菊东篱下，悠然见南山。山气日夕佳，飞鸟相与还。此中有真意，欲辨已忘言。,EdmundSpenser:(15521599),animportantEnglishpoetandPoetLaureatebestknownforTheFaerieQueene仙后,anepicpoemcelebrating,throughfantasticalallegory,theTudordynastyandElizabethI.Masterpiece:FaerieQueeneTheShepheardesCalender(acollectionof12longpastoralscorrespondingtotwelvemonths),Lyric(抒情诗),Lyricreferstopoemswrittentobesungtoalyre（里拉琴）,anancientmusicalinstrument.Nowmostlyricsstillretainthetraditionalfeaturesofdefiniteandforcefulrhythmandsing-songrefrain(重叠),buttheterm“lyric”comestorefertoshortpoemsexpressiveofapoetsthoughtsandfeelingsandwhichcouldnotbeclassedunderanyotherheadings.,Ode(颂歌),Odeisthoughttobethenoblestkindoflyric.LikehymnwhichusuallyisapraiseofGodorthegods,odeispraiseaswell.Itusuallycelebratesworthymenandwomen,andnotableoccasions.ThemostfamousodesinEnglishareShelleys“OdetotheWestWind”andKeats“OdetoaNightingale”夜莺颂.,Satire(讽刺诗),Satireisjusttheoppositeofode.Itisapoemwhichholdsuptoridiculetheprevailingvicesandfolliesofatime.Usuallywritteniniambicpentametercouplets,itdescribesandattacksasocietypeopledbysomeunpleasantandcorruptedthings.,Elegy(挽歌),ElegyisapoemoflamentationforthedeadGoodelegiesintheEnglishworld:AlfredTennysonsBreak,Break,BreakThomasGraysElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard,Sonnet18,ShakespeareanSonnetisalsocalledtheEnglishSonnet,withthreefour-linestanzas(quatrains)andatwo-lineunitcalledacouplet（对子）.Therhymeschemeis：abab,cdcd,efef,ggThefirststanza/quatrain：beginning起Thesecondstanza/quatrain：development承Thethirdstanza/quatrain：turn转Thecouplet:conclusion含,Sonnet18,Questions:Whodoes“thee”referto?Whatsthethemeofthispoem?,Sonnet18,ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?aThouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:bRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,aAndsummersleasehathalltooshortadate:bSometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshinescAndoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed;dAndeveryfairfromfairsometimesdeclines,cBychanceornatureschangingcourseuntrimmed;dButthyeternalsummershallnotfade,eNorlosepossessionofthatfairthouowst;fNorshalldeathbragthouwanderstinhisshade,eWhenineternallinestotimethougrowst:fSolongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee,gSolonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.g,Rhythm&Meter:Iambicpentameter(五音步抑扬格),123?45ShallI|comPARE|theeTO|aSUM|mersDAY?ThouART|moreLOVE|lyAND|moreTEM|peRATE:,Quatrain1,ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?我该把你比作夏日吗？Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:你比夏天更可爱更温婉:RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,狂风会把五月的娇蕊吹落,Andsummersleasehathalltooshortadate:夏天出租的期限又太短暂:,ParaphraseofQuatrain1,ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?IfIcomparedyoutoasummersday,Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:Idhavetosayyouaremorebeautifulandserene.RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,Bycomparison,summerisroughonbuddinglife,Andsummersleasehathalltooshortadate:Anddoesntlastlongeither.,Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,有时天上的眼睛照得太热,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed,他金色的面容常常变阴暗,Andeveryfair*fromfair*sometimedeclines,一切事物总不免凋敝,Bychance,ornatureschangingcourseuntrimmed:被机缘和自然的代谢摧残:,Quatrain2,ParaphraseofQuatrain2,Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Attimesthesummersunistoohot,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed,Andatothertimescloudsdimitsbrilliance.Andeveryfair*fromfair*sometimedeclines,Everythingfairinnaturebecomeslessfairfromtimetotime,Bychance,ornatureschangingcourseuntrimmed:Bychance,orbecauseoftheroughhandofnature.,Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,但你永恒的夏天不会褪色,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouowst.不会失去你所拥有的美善.Norshalldeathbragthouwandrestinhisshade,死神也不能夸说你在他阴影里徘徊,Whenineternallinestotimethougrowst.当你在永恒的诗行里与时间同久长.,Quatrain3,ParaphraseofQuatrain3,Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,However,youyourselfwillnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouowst.Norloseownershipofyourfairness.Norshalldeathbragthouwandrestinhisshade,Notevendeathwillclaimyou,Whenineternallinestotimethougrowst.BecausetheselinesIwritewillimmortalizeyou.,Solongasmencanbreatheoreyescansee,只要人们能呼吸或眼睛看得清,Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.此诗将永存并赐给你生命.,Couplet,ParaphraseoftheCouplet,Solongasmencanbreatheoreyescansee,Yourbeautywilllastaslongasmenbreatheandsee,Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.Aslongasthissonnetgivesyoulife.,LiteraryDevicesinSonnet18,1.Rhetoricalquestion/apostrophe(顿呼法）The1stline,usedtocreateatoneofrespect,andtoengagetheaudience./Speakingtotheedirectly.2.PersonificationLines5,6&11,usedtoelevatethesunanddeath.3.Parallelism/hyperboleThefinalcouplet,usedtoemphasizethemessage:thebeautyofthesubjectwillbeimmortalizedbythepowerofhisart.,Theme:eternallifeofart,Time,beautyandpoetry1.Timeandnatureareforevertransient.2.Beautyisalwaysfading.3.Onlyart/poetrycanbeeternal.大自然反复无常；美人驻颜无术；唯艺术可以不朽。TheconventionalthemeofElizabethansonnets,CommentonSonnet18,Sonnet18isShakespearesbestknownpoeminallofhis154sonnets.ItisatypicalShakespeareansonnetwhichconsistsofthreefour-linedstanzasfollowedbyacouplet,andhasthecharacteristicrhymescheme:abab,cdcd,efef,gg.Thissonnetaimsatpraisingtheeternalpowerofmanbydescribingtheinstabilityofnature.Firstthepoetcompareshisfriendas“asummersday”,an