Unit 4 Diogenes and Alexander教学教材.ppt

GilbertHighet,DiogenesandAlexander,Background,Alexander,Diogenes,DiogenesandAlexander,Unit4,Diogenes(412324BC):Greekcynicphilosopherlivedinatubnicknamed“thedog”emphasizedself-sufficiencyandneedfornatural,uninhibitedbehavior,regardlessofsocialconventions.borninSinopecapturedbypiratesandsoldasaslavetoaCorinthian,whoappointedhimtutortohistwosons.,Background,ThefirstphilosophertooutlinethesethemeswasAntisthenes(安提西尼),apupilofSocratesinthelate5thcenturyBC.HewasfollowedbyDiogenesofSinope.DiogenestookCynicismtoitslogicalextremesandwasfollowedbyCratesofThebes(克拉特斯).Itdisappearedinthelate5thcenturyalthoughsomehaveclaimedthatearlyChristianityadoptedmanyofitsasceticandrhetoricalideas.苦行僧和夸张的想法,Background,Background,Alexander,MacedonianKing:sonofPhilipIITheThinker:studentofAristotleTheConqueror:Greece,Asia,Egypt,Background,AlexandertheGreatsEmpire,Alexander,Socrates(?470399BC):AGreekphilosopherHisideasareknownfromPlatoswritings.Heisknownforencouragingpeopletothinkcarefullyaboutideasbeforeacceptedthemandfordevelopingamethodofexaminingidesaccordingtosystemofquestionsandanswersinordertofindouttruth.ThisisknownastheSocraticmethodordialectics.辩证法,Background,Plato(429347BC):Athenianphilosopher,adiscipleofSocratesandtheteacherofAristotle.HefoundedtheAcademyinAthens,oneoftheworldsfirstcentersforadvancedscientificstudy.Hisphilosophicalwritingsarepresentedintheformofdialogues,withSocratesastheprinciplespeaker.PlatospoliticaltheoriesappearintheRepublic,理想国inwhichheexploredthenatureandstructureofajustsociety.,Background,Aristotle(385323BC):Greekphilosopherandscientist.HeisastudentofPlatoandatutorofAlexandertheGreat.HeisoneofthemostinfluentialthinkersinthehistoryofWesternthought.Hissurvivingworkscoversavastrangeofsubjects,includinglogic,language,ethics,politicsandnaturalscience,ect.SocratesPlatoAristotleAlexandertheGreat,Background,Hercules:海格力斯大力神GreekandRomanMythologyThesonofZeusandAlcmence,aheroofsupermanstrengthandcourageperformedtwelveimmensetasksimposedonhime.g.Augeanstable（奥吉亚斯牛舍）:Theexpression“tocleantheAugeanStables”isusedinliteraturetodescribeaverydifficultunpleasantjob.,Background,Achilles:阿基里斯：出生后被其母倒提着在冥河水中浸过，除未浸到水的脚踵外，浑身刀枪不入Achillesheel:aweaknessorvulnerablepoint.唯一致命的弱点,Background,TheTrojanWar:AwarwasfoughtbetweentheGreeksandTrojans.Cause：theTrojanPrinceParishadcarriedoffHelen,wifeofMenelaus,aGreekking.Thewarwaswonbyatrick。Greeksoldiershidinsideawoodenmodelofahorse.TheTrojanstookitintoTroy.HomerdescribestheTrojanWarinhisbooktheIliad.,Background,Warmingup,Questions/Activities,WhatdoestheauthortellusaboutDiogenes?Whowashe?Whatwashisphilosophy?Whatdidhethinkwastheproblemwithpeople?Howdidheintendtohelpthem?Whatwerethekeyvalueshepromoted?How,inhisopinion,couldwefindtruehappiness?WhatdoestheauthortellusaboutAlexander?WhatdidthiskinghaveincommonwithDiogenes,thebeggar?WhywasAlexanderconsideredamanofdestiny?Howwouldyoucontrastthetwocharacters?WhatdidDiogenesreallymeanwhenhesaidthatAlexanderwasblockingthesunlight?,TextAnalysis,DiogenesandAlexander,Unit4,TextAnalysis,Structure,1,Paras.1-10Diogenes(life,philosophy,mission,waysofteaching),2,Paras.11-13Alexander(aphilosopherkingwithaninquiring,noblemind),3,Paras.14-17theirdramaticencounter,1.donehisbusinesslikeadog.hehademptiedhisbowelsorpassedwaterlikeadogattheroadside.doonesbusiness:euphemismoldpeople:seniorcitizens;,TextAnalysis,DetailedAnalysis,2.Sometimestheythrewbitsoffood,andgotscantthanks;sometimesamischievouspebble,andgotashowerofstonesandabuse.(para.1)Paraphrase:Sometimespeoplewouldthrowbitsoffoodtohim,buthehardlythankedthematall.Sometimestheywouldthrowapebbleathimforfun,butgetashowerofstonesandastreamofabuseinreturn.amischievouspebble:transferredepithet英语移就格,TextAnalysis,DetailedAnalysis,2.Sometimestheythrewbitsoffood,andgotscantthanks;sometimesamischievouspebble,andgotashowerofstonesandabuse.(para.1)Paraphrase:Sometimespeoplewouldthrowbitsoffoodtohim,buthehardlythankedthematall.Sometimestheywouldthrowapebbleathimforfun,butgetashowerofstonesandastreamofabuseinreturn.amischievouspebble:transferredepithet英语移就格,TextAnalysis,DetailedAnalysis,3.Hethoughteverybodylivedfartooelaborately,expensively,anxiously.(2)Paraphrase:Hethoughtthatourlifeistoocomplicated,toocostly,andgivesustoomuchpressure.4.HewasthefounderofthecreedcalledCynicism(doggishness).CynicismoriginallymeantdoggishnessbecauseDiogenesphilosophymadeitavirtuetolivelikeadog.,TextAnalysis,DetailedAnalysis,Background,Cynicisminmodernsense:thebeliefofacynic,whomaintainsthatpeopleareallmotivatedbyselfishness,thatnoonewillhelpothersforgoodandsincerereasons愤世嫉俗,悲观冷漠,看破红尘,Diogenes,Diogenes:thebeggar(paras.1-4),TextAnalysis,CharacterAnalysis,cask,astoragejarmadeofearthenware,ahouse(big,withmanyrooms),none,beds,chairs,etc.(elaborate),blanket(half-naked),clothes(expensive),bitsoffoodbeggedfromothers,drinkingfromhishollowedhands,elaborate,none,horses,servants,bankaccounts(anxious),alifebychoice,outofprinciplenatural,healthy,independent,alifeasslavesoftheirpossessionsartificial,anxious,lossofvirtue,Diogenes:thephilosopher(para.4)Threekeyprinciples:livinginaccordwithnaturetotaldisregardofconventionindependence(freedom)beingtheonlytrue,lastinggood,TextAnalysis,CharacterAnalysis,Diogenes:themissionary(para.5)Whatwashismission?,TextAnalysis,CharacterAnalysis,Hislifesaimwascleartohim:itwas“torestampthecurrency”:totakethecleanmetalofhumanlife,toerasetheoldfalseconventionalmarkings,andtoimprintitwithitstruevalues.(para.5)Hispurposeinlifewascleartohim:itwas“toreprintthecoins.”Humanlifecanbetakenasthecleancoinswhichareimprintedwithfalsemarkings.Hewastoremovethefalsemarkingsandprintthetruevaluesonit.“torestampthecurrency”:tochangehumanvaluescallpeoplebacktothenaturalwayoflifetruelife把人生中洁净的金属提炼出来，抹去陈旧的虚伪习俗的印记，在上面重印其真正的价值。,Paraphrase,TextAnalysis,DetailedAnalysis,Alexander:citizenoftheworld(paras.11-13)1.King:differentfromotherMacedoniansdrinking?women?fighting?2.Thinker:Aristotlespupil,helearnedculturephilosophyprinciplesofscientificresearch3.ConquerortookcommandoftheLeagueofGreekStatescommander-in-chiefofanewexpeditionagainstold,rich,corruptAsia,TextAnalysis,CharacterAnalysis,“Standtooneside.Youreblockingthesunlight.”,TheDramaticEncounter(paras.14-17),Thedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenthetwohistoricalcharacters.DifferencesSimilarities,TextAnalysis,CharacterAnalysis,相貌英俊，目光炯炯，体格魁梧，身披紫色斗篷，带着主宰命运的气势，穿过夹道欢迎的人群。“Yes”,saidthedog.“Standtooneside.Youreblockingthesunlight.”（16）Doyouthinktheuseof“blockingthesunlight”herehasanysymbolicmeaning?WhydoyouthinkAlexandersayso?Whatdidordinarypeoplethinkofhim?WhycouldAlexanderunderstandhim?,TextAnalysis,CharacterAnalysis,paradox:astatementthatseemsimpossiblebecauseitcontainstwoideasthatarebothtrue.似非而是的隽语似非而是的论点;反论;自相矛盾Morehaste,lessspeed.Peopleoftensaythatmanyhandsmakelightwork.Buttheparadoxis,insomecases,toomanyhandsspoilthebroth.WhywereonlyAlexandertheconquerorandDiogenesthebeggarwerefree?,TextAnalysis,CharacterAnalysis,Differences,TextAnalysis,CharacterAnalysis,high,treatedwithrespect,greetedwithabowandacclamation,lyingonthebareearth,shoeless,bearded,half-naked,likeabeggar,adog,handsomeface,fieryglance,strongbody,purpleandgoldcloak,airofdestiny,philosopher,missionary,greatmonarch,conqueror,low,treatedwithcontemptanddisapproval,none,rejectingpossessionorpower,landandabsolutepower,“restampthecurrency”:tocallpeoplebacktothesimpleandnaturallifetruevalue,bringpeopleofthewholeworldtothelightofcivilization,Bothweregreatthinkers.Bothhadasenseofmission.Bothwere“citizensoftheworld,”admiringtheheroicfigureofHercules,wholaboredformankind.Bothwerefree.,Similarities,TextAnalysis,CharacterAnalysis,Havingnoworktogotoandnofamilytoprovide_,hewasfree.(para.1)providefor:givesbthethingsthattheyneedtolive,suchasfood,clothingTranslation他要供养他年迈的父母以及两个正在上学的妹妹。Hehastoprovideforhisagedparentsandtwosisterwhoarestillatschool.,for,Wordswithoutanywriting,print,orrecordedsoundvacant:av