大学英语写作教程1册 第七单元

UnitSeven,JoiningSentencesTogether(1),UnitObjectives,1.featuresofacoordinatesentences2.differenttypesofcoordinatesentences3.howtocoordinatesentences4.unityinaparagraph5.coherenceinaparagraph,1.featuresofacoordinatesentences,warm-upactivities1)tiredhappy2)onepercentinspirationninety-ninepercentperspiration3)whoalwaysremembersawomansbirthdaywhoneverremembersherage4)Soldierswinbattles,generalsgetcredit.,word+word,phrase+phrase,clause+clause,sentence+sentence,but,and,and,but,Writeashortparagraphtodiscusswaystomakeyourcampuslifemorecolorful.,Mylifeoncampusisbothchallengingandcolorful.Inaturallydevotemostofmyweekdaystocourses,bothcompulsoryandoptional.AstheacademicrequirementsdemandthatImustspendallmyweekdayeveningsinthelibraryreadingreferencebooksanddraftingpapers,Ithinkitisworthwhiletostayuplatetocomeupwithoriginalideasformypapers.Thismakesmealateriser.IexerciseeveryafternoonsothatIcankeepfit.Suchapacewill,Ibelieve,preparemetofinishmyuniversitystudy.,PartII,CoordinatingWordsorCoordinators1)singlecoordinatorsand,but,or,for2)pairedcoordinatorsbothandeitherornotonlybutalso,CoordinatingWords,1.andTheydrank,sanganddancedallnight.Writeandtellthemwhathashappened.Workhard,andyouwillpasstheexamination.2.butTheyarepoorbutproud.Hecalledouttomeandwavedexcitedly.Henotonlycalledouttomebutalsowavedexcitedly.,3.orPuresolid,pureliquid,orpuregasisrare.Eggsorchickensareverycheapnow.IcantstaylongerorIllbelate.Hedidnoteatordrink.4.forWemuststartearly,forwehavealongwaytogo.,ClassroomActivitiesp.99,Supplysuitablecoordinators1)and2)and3)and,or4)or5)or6)and,2.,1)Withoutacoordinator,“theelusivenessoftheenemy,thewidespreaduseofdrugs,theAmericansoldierssenseofoutrage”createsaquickpace,thusemphasizingthedifference.2)Withoutacoordinatorinthefirstpart.“nopattern,nomeaningnosignificance”showsakindoffrustration,orevenindignation.Byrepeatingthecoordinatorinthesecondhalf,thewritermaywishtoindicatethathisfrustrationandindignationhavebeengraduallyreplacedbyfatigueandresign.,3.,1)Inthiscitythatschoolistheonlyonewithoutcompulsorycoursesvariousexams./Inthiscitythatschoolistheonlyonewithoutcompulsorycoursesvariousexams.2)Forthefirsttimehesawhisfathernotasagiantofhischildhood,asalonelyandhelplessman.,or,neither,nor,but,3)Themonitorsdutyistoorganizecoordinateclassactivities,bridgestudentsteachers.,4)youmeasureitintermsofmoneyspentpeopleinvolved,educationhasbecomethelargestindustryinChina./intermsofmoneyspentpeopleinvolved,educationhasbecomethelargestindustryinChina./intermsofmoneyspentpeopleinvolved,educationhasbecomethelargestindustryinChina.,and,and,and,Whether,or,Either,or,Both,and,Coordinatorsandtheirrelationships,Coordin-ators,Relationship,and,but,or,nor,for,so,yet,Thetwoitemsaresimilar.,Thetwoitemsaredifferent;thereisatransition.,Thetwoitemsaresimilar,butwillnottakeplaceatthesametime.,Neitherofthetwoitemswilltakeplace.,Thetwoitemsaresimilar,expressingaclearreason.,Thefirstclausecausesthesecondone.,Thereisalsoatransition,buttherelationshipislessclosethatwithbut,ClassroomActivitiesp.101,1)Thesunisrisinghigherandhigher,andthetravellersarefeelinghotterandhotter.2)Theexamisgoingtoendinfiveminutes,yetJudystillhastwoessayquestionsleft.3)Theboywantstomajorinphilosophy,buthisparentswanthimtobeadoctorinthefuture.4)IhadplannedtogotoHangzhouduringthenationalHoliday,butIwasfrightenedbackhomebythelargecrowdsofpeopleattherailwaystation.5)Iwillnotreadthisletter,norwillIreadanyletterhewritesme.,2.,1)and2)but3)but/yet4)Eitheror,PartIIIUnity,1.Aunifiedsentenceexpressesonecompleteidea.2.Forideastobeunified,wemustmakesurethattheideasinthesentencearelogicallyrelated.3.Fortheideastobecomplete,wemustbecarefulwiththesuperlativedegreeorothertypesofabsoluteexpressions.,UNITYINTHEPARAGRAPH,Whatisunity,Thestateorqualityofbeinginaccord;harmony.orThecombinationorarrangementofpartsintoawhole;unification.,Aparagraphpossessesunitywhenithasonecentralideawhichisclarified,explained,orreinforcedbyalltheotherstatementsintheparagraph.Theskillfulwriter,oncehehasformulatedhisideaandstateditinatopicsentence,willthendevelophisideabyanyoneofthemethodsalreadymentionedabove,keepinginmindthatwhateverhewritesmustdealwithonlythisidea.,NOTICE:Aparagraphshouldbeunified,thatis,concernedwithasingletopic.,Readthefollowing,WhenLincolnwaseightyearsold,hisfatherlostmostofhislandinKentucky.Lincolnsmotherdiedwhenhewasnineyearsold.WhenLincolnwasnine,hisstepmotherpersuadedhisfatherthatAbrahamLincolnshouldbegintogotoschool.LincolnwasborninKentucky.Hestartedschool,butitsoonclosed.ThefirstwintertheyspentinIndianatheylivedinahousewithonlythreewalls;the4thsidewasopenforafire.LincolnsfamilymovedtoIndianaafterhisfathersbankruptcy.,ParallelStructure,Goodwritingisnotonlycleartothereader,butalsocorrectinform.Peopleappreciatethingsstatedinsuchawayastorevealamindthatiswellorganizedandtrainedinappropriatehabitsofthinking.Thecarefulwriterorspeakerexpressesideasofequalimportanceinparallelform.,1.Expressparallelideasinthesamegrammaticalform.,Threekindsofparallelstructure:1)co-ordinate2)comparedorcontrasted3)correlative,1)co-ordinate,InthewinterIusuallylikeskiingandtoskate.InthewinterIusuallylikeskiingandskating.InthewinterIusuallyliketoskiandtoskate.Columbuswaspraisedforhisforesight,hiscourage,anddrivingonagainstgreatodds.Columbuswaspraisedforhisforesight,hiscourage,andhisperseverance.TheMayorpromisedremovaloftheslumsandthatlocalemployeeswouldbegivenpensions.TheMayorpromisedthattheslumswouldberemovedandthatlocalemployeeswouldbegivenpensions.,W,R,R,W,R,W,R,2)comparedorcontrasted,Einsteinlikedmathematicalresearchmorethantosupervisealargelaboratory.Einsteinlikedmathematicalresearchmorethansupervisionofalargelaboratory.Tochewcarefullyisasnecessaryforagooddigestionaseatingslowly.Chewcarefullyisasnecessaryforagooddigestionaseatingslowly.,W,R,W,R,3)correlative,Forthatscholarshiphedevotedmanyhourstobothresearchanddoingfieldwork.Forthatscholarshiphedevotedmanyhourstobothresearchandfieldwork.DrSteinmetzsoondemonstratedatGeneralElectricLaboratoriesthathewasnotonlytireless,butalsoascientistofgreatoriginality.DrSteinmetzsoondemonstratedatGeneralElectricLaboratoriesthathewasnotonlytireless,butalsooriginalinhisscientificthinking.,W,R,W,R,Placecorrelativeconjunctionsimmediatelybeforetheparallelterms.,IntheNormandyinvasionin1944,generalEisenhowerwasnotonlytheleaderoftheAmericanforces,butalsooftheentireAlliedarmy.IntheNormandyinvasionin1944,generalEisenhowerwastheleadernotonlyoftheAmericanforces,butalsooftheentireAlliedarmy.WashingtonbothexperiencedthegloomofValleyForgeandthejoyofYorktown.WashingtonexperiencedboththegloomofValleyForgeandthejoyofYorktown.,W,R,W,R,Inparallelconstructionsrepeatanarticle,apreposition,orapronounwhenevernecessarytomakethemeaningclear.,Afterthecelebrationwewereintroducedtothepresidentandmasterofceremonies.Afterthecelebrationwewereintroducedtothepresidentandtothemasterofceremonies.ThediscoveryofradiumwasasgreatajoytoMarieCurieasherhusband.ThediscoveryofradiumwasasagreatjoytoMarieCurieastoherhusband.,AMBIGUOUS,CLEAR,AMBIGUOUS,CLEAR,FaultyParallelism,a.ShehopestospendthisholidayeitherinShanghaiorinSuzhou.b.Showingandkeeping/Toshowandtokeeppromisesarethebasicrequirementsofarealfriend.c.Ihepasttenyears,Mr.Weirhasbeenawaiter,atourguide,andateacherofEnglish.,Inparallelism,theparallelelementsmustbelongtothesamegrammaticalcategory.Ifyouintroducetwoelementsfromdifferentgrammaticalcategoriesinoneparallelstructure,youmakethemistakeoffaultyparallelism.,Classroomactivitiesp.107,(U)Thisismyfavoritebeer.2)(U)MyfirstEnglishteacherstayedinBritainforfiveyears.3)(P)Takingawalkaloneorchattingwithafriendoverthephonecangreatlyrelaxyourtension.(U)Chinahasalargepopulation.(U,P)LearningtospeakEnglishandusecomputerisimportantforfindingagoodjobinthefuture.,6)(U)Practicelikedrawingeggscanlayasolidfoundationforanartist.7)(P)Ifonewantstofindagoodjobwithfewerworkinghoursandagoodsalary,hemustworkhardatuniversity.8)(U)IbelieveDr.Schmidtisyourbestchoiceforthiscomingelection.9)(P)Forthispaper,youmustchooseatopicthatisbothinterestingandhelpful.,COHERENCEINTHEPARAGRAPH,Whatiscoherence?,Thequalityorstateofcohering(cohere=tohaveinternalelementsorpartslogicallyconnectedsothataestheticconsistencyresults),especiallyalogical,orderly,andaestheticallyconsistentrelationshipofparts.,Aparagraphshouldbecoherent,thatis,arrangedaccordingtosomedefiniteplan.,Whentheideasinaparagraphflowfromonetotheotherinlogicalorder,theparagraphhascoherence.Toachievethisqualityyoumustplanwhatyouaregoingtowrite.Sometimesyouhavetorearrangeorrewriteseveraltimesbeforeyouachievethebestpossibleorderofideas.,Thevariouswaysofarrangingyourideascanbereducedtoafew.Thechronologicalorder(theorderinwhichthingshappened)isonewithwhichyouhavelongbeenacquainted.Wheneveryourelateanexperience,youfollowthenaturaltimeorderoftheeventswithouteventhinkingaboutit.Chronologicalorderisencounteredusuallyinnarrativewriting.,(1)Thedetailsinaparagraphmaybearrangedcoherentlyintheorderoftime.,Theplanewaslateanddetectiveswerewaitingattheairportallmorning.TheywereexpectingavaluableparcelofdiamondsfromSouthAfrica.Afewhoursearlier,someonehadtoldthepolicethatthieveswouldtrytostealthediamonds.Whentheplanearrived,someofthedetectiveswerewaitinginsidethemainbuildingwhileotherswerewaitingontheairfield.TwomentooktheparcelofftheplaneandcarrieditintotheCustomsHouse.Whiletwodetectiveswerekeepingguardatthedoor,twoothersopenedtheparcel.Totheirsurprise,thepreciousparcelwasfullofstonesandsand!,listen,IarrivedinLondonatlast.Therailwaystationwasbig,blackanddark.Ididnotknowthewaytomyhotel,soIaskedaporter.InotonlyspokeEnglishverycarefully,butveryclearlyaswell.Theporter,however,couldnotunderstandme.Irepeatedmyquestionseveraltimesandatlastheunderstood.heansweredme,buthespokeneitherslowlynorclearly.Iamaforeigner,Isaid.Thenhespokeslowly,butIcouldnotunderstandhim.MyteacherneverspokeEnglishlikethat!TheporterandIlookedateachotherandsmiled.ThenhesaidsomethingandIunderstoodit.YoullsoonlearnEnglish!hesaid.Iwonder.InEngland,eachpersonspeaksadifferentlanguage.TheEnglishunderstandeachother,butIdontunderstandthem!DotheyspeakEnglish?,listen,Inadditiontothenarrativeparagraph,whichnormallyfollowstheorderoftime,agreatdealofexpositorywritingfollowsthesameorder.Readthesimplestrecipeforbakingacakeorforputtingtogetheratool,andyouwillnoticeachronologicalarrangement.Mostofyourlaboratorymanualsinthenaturalsciencesanddescriptionsofstepsinsolvingamathematicalproblemarewrittenintheorderoftime.,Pleasereadthefollowing,Thecaseformorescholarshipsfordeservingstudentsisastrongone.Wemustnotriskthelossoffinestudentswhomaynotbeabletocontinueincollegewithoutfinancialaid.ThiswouldbewastingAmericasgreatestresourcethehumanbrain.Ourexpandingeconomyrequiresmoreandbetterleaders.Ourroleasleaderinthefreeworldrequiresustotrainleaderswherevertheyarefound.ButmostimportantisthethreatfromtheCommunistworldwithitshugeoutputofthousandsoftrainedscientistseachyear.Wemusttrainorruntheriskofbeingbeaten.,(2)Thedetailsinaparagraphmaybearrangedcoherentlyintheorderoftheirimportance.,Especiallyinparagraphsofargumentation,youwillarrangeyoursentencesintheorderofimportance.Thisusuallymeansplacingtheleastimportantideafirst,andfollowingitwithincreasinglystrongerpoints.Themostimportantpointeffectivelyclimaxestheparagraph.,Thevastresultsobtainedbysciencearewonbynomysticalfaculties,bynomentalprocesses,otherthanthosewhicharepracticedbyeveryoneofusinthehumblestandmeanestaffairsoflife.Adetective-policemandiscoversaburglarfromthemarksmadebyhisshoe,byamentalprocessidenticalwiththatbywhichCuvierrestoredtheextinctanimalsofMontmartrefromfragmentsoftheirbones.Nordoesthatprocessofinductionanddeductionbywhichalady,findingastainofapeculiarkinduponherdress,concludesthatsomebodyhasupsettheinkstandthereon,differinanywayinkindfromthatbywhichAdamsandLeverrierdiscoveredanewplanet.Themanofscience,infact,simplyuseswithscrupulousexactnessthemethodswhichweallhabituallyandateverymomentusecarelessly.-T.H.HUXLEY,LaySermons,(3)Thedetailsinaparagraphmaybearrangedcoherentlytobringoutacomparisonoracontrast.,Awriterfrequentlyachievesclaritybycomparinganunfamiliarthingorideatoonethatisalreadyfamiliartothereader.Theparagraphinwhichatreeiscomparedtoananimatebeingillustratesthistechnique.,JoeSandershasthemostbeautifulgardeninourtown.NearlyeverybodyentersforTheNicestGardenCompetitioneachyear,butJoewinseverytime.BillFrithsgardenislargerthanJoes.BillworksharderthanJoeandgrowsmoreflowersandvegetables,butJoesgardenismoreinteresting.Hehasmadeneatpathsandhasbuiltawoodenbridgeoverapool.Ilikegardenstoo,butIdonotlikehardwork.EveryyearIenterforthegardencompetitiontoo,andIalwayswinalittleprizefortheworstgardeninthetown!,listen,Abriefsummaryofthelesson,1.Whatisaparagraph?2.Ingeneral,howmanypartsdoesaparagraphconsistof?3.Howtomakeaparagraphsentenceintoaparagraph?4.Howtomakeaparagraphcoherent?,1.Whatisaparagraph?,Aparagraphisaseriesofsentencesdevelopingonetopic.,2.Ingeneral,howmanypartsdoesaparagraphconsistof?,1.anintroductorysentence2.atopicsentence3.supportingdetails4.aconcludingsentence,3.Howtomakeaparagraphsentenceintoaparagraph?,(1)Atopicsentencemaybedevelopedbygivingfactsorexamples.(2)Atopicsentencemaybedevelopedbyanincidentoranecdote.(3)Atopicsentencemaybedevelopedbycomparisonsorcontrasts.(4)Atopicsentencemaybedevelopedbyargumentsinalineofreasoning.(5)Atopicsentencemaybedevelopedbydefinition.,4.Howtomakeaparagraphcoherent?,(1)Thedetailsinaparagraphmaybearrangedcoherentlyintheorderoftime.(2)Thedetailsinaparagraphmaybearrangedcoherentlyintheorderoftheirimportance.(3)Thedetailsinaparagraphmaybearrangedcoherentlytobringoutacomparisonoracontrast.,7.LinkingExpressionsandConnectives,Strengthenthecoherenceofaparagraphbytheuseoflinkingexpressionsandconnectiveswhichhelpthereadertofollowthelineofthoughtfromoneideatothenext.Placingideasinlogicalorderdoesnotnecessarilyinsurecoherence.Justasbrickshavetobeheldtogetherbymortar,sothesentencesofagoodparagraphareheldtogetherbylinkingexpressionsandconnectives.,toaddanidea,againinadditionalsoinalikemannerandtoofurthermorelikewisemoreoversimilarlyinthesamefashion,tolimitorcontradictsomethingalreadysaid,butontheotherhandhoweverotherwiseneverthelessyetonthecontrary,toshowatimeorplacearrangementofyourideas,atthepresenttimelateinduetimeatthesametimemeanwhileatthispointfirstsoonerorlatertotherightsecondeventuallyfurtherfinally,toconcludeyourparagrapheffectively,asaresultconsequentlyforthesereasonsasIhaveshownhencethereforeascanbeseen,CHECKSFORPARAGRAPHBUILDING,1.Doeseachsentencebuildupthecentralidea?Learntoeliminateeverysentencethatdoesnot.Ifyousticktothepoint,yourparagraphissaidtohave“unity”.2.Isthereatopicsentence?Isitwellstated?Thetopicsentence,althoughmostoftenthefirstsentence,maycomeanywhereintheparagraph.3