大学英语写作之词汇

LectureTwoTheSentence,Outline,CompleteSentencesandSentenceFragmentsTypesofSentencesEffectiveSentencesSkillsinWritingSentencesCommonMistakesCorrection,CompleteSentencesandSentenceFragments,Agrammaticallycompletesentenceisonethatcontainsatleastasubjectandapredicateverb;iftheverbistransitive,theremustbeanobject;iftheverbisalinkverb,theremustbeapredicativeorcomplement.Attributesandadverbials,thoughtheyarenotessentialelementsofasentence,helptomakethemeaningclearorcomplete：,Hecame.Hecametotheclassroomveryearly.Shewrotealetter.Shewrotealonglettertoherparents.Dr.Smithisaprofessor.Dr.Smithisawell-knownprofessorofphysics.,IammajorinEnglish.ImajorinEnglish.Thenumberyoudialedisnotexist.Pleasecheckanddialitagain.Thenumberyoudialeddoesnotexist.Pleasecheckanddialitagain.Finally,hebecametobeinterestedinart.Finally,hebecameinterestedinart.Finally,hecametobeinterestedinart.,Ourcountryhastgakenplaceagreatchangeinmanyfield.Greatchangehastakenplaceinmanyfieldsinourcountry.Butitmayoccursomenewproblems.Butitmayoccursomenewproblems.IdontsatisfiedwithmyEnglish.IamnotsatisfiedwithmyEnglish.,Acompletesentencebeginswithacapitalletterandendswithaperiod.Donotseparatedcompletesentenceswithcommas.,Faulty:Itwasraininghard,theycouldnotworkinthefields.Improved:Itwasraininghard;theycouldnotworkinthefields.Itwasraininghard.Theycouldnotworkinthefields.Itwasrainingsohardthattheycouldnotworkinthefields.Theycouldnotworkinthefieldsbecauseitwasraininghard.Itwasraininghard,sotheycouldnotworkinthefields.Asitwasraininghard,theycouldnotworkinthefields.,Faulty:Iwasborninasmalltown,inthetowntherewasonlyoneschool,Istudiedthereforsixyears.Improved:InthesmalltownwhereIwasborn,therewasonlyoneschool.Istudiedthereforsixyears.Iwasborninasmalltown,wheretherewasonlyoneschool.Istudiedthereforsixyears.IstudiedforsixyearsattheonlyschoolinthesmalltownwhereIwasborn.,Inordertobeasentence,agroupofwordsmustmeetthreecriteria:,Itmustcontainasubject;Itmustcontainapredictiveverb;Itmustmakeacompletethought.,SentenceFragment,asentencefragmentisapartofasentence;itisagroupofwordsnotcompleteinitself,SentenceFragment,FragmentsThatDoNotContainaSubjectoraVerbIopenedthedoor.Expectingtoseemybrotherstandingontheporch.Iopenedthedoor,expectingtoseemybrotherstandingontheporch.Iopenedthedoor.Iwasexpectingtoseemybrotherstandingontheporch.FragmentsThatContainaSubjectandaVerbbutDoNotExpressaCompleteThoughtDonaldwascheckinghistrap.Hesawanenormousblackbear.WhileDonaldwascheckinghistrap.Hesawanenormousblackbear.,Somestudentsinordertogetabetterjobaftergraduation.SomestudentsstudyEnglishhardinordertogetabetterjobaftergraduation.HavebetterskillsinEnglishmeanshavemorechancestogetjobs.HavingbetterskillsinEnglishmeanshavingmorechancestogetjobs.HavingbetterskillsinEnglishmeanstohavemorechancestogetjobs.HavingbetterskillsinEnglishmeansonecanhavemorechancestogetjobs.,TypesofSentences,DeclarativeInterrogativeImperativeExclamatorySimpleCompoundComplexCompound-Complex,Makesanassertionorastatement,Asksaquestion,Expressesacommandorarequest,Expressesastrongfellingoremotion,onesubjectandonepredicate-verb,and,but,or,;,etc,onemainclauseandoneormoredependentclauses,acombinationofacompoundandacomplexsentence,(a)Theyoungpilotonhisfirstoverseastrainingfeltveryuneasy.(b)Theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasyduringhisfirstoverseastraining.(c)Theyoungpilotsfirstoverseastrainingmadehimfeelveryuneasy.(d)Extremeuneasinessseizedtheyoungpilotonhisfirstoverseastraining.(e)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining,feelingveryuneasy.(f)Itbeinghisfirstoverseastraining,theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasy.(g)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastrainingandfeltveryuneasy.(h)Theyoungpilot,whowasonhisfirstoverseastraining,feltveryuneasy.(i)Whentheyoungpilotwasonhis/firstoverseastraining,hefeltveryuneasy.(j)Astheyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining,hefeltveryuneasy.(k)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining,sothathefeltveryuneasy.,(1)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining.(2)Hefeltveryuneasy.,Loose松散句Itputsfirstthingsfirst,andletsthereaderknowwhatitismainlyaboutwhenhehasreadthefirstfewwords.Periodic圆周句Themainideaisexpressedatorneartheend,anditisnotgrammaticallycompleteuntiltheendisreached.Theworkersherearemostlydiligent,thoughnotall.Theworkersherearemostly,thoughnotall,diligent.Hewillgoabroadifhehasenoughmoney.Ifhehasenoughmoney,hewillgoabroad.Balanced平行结构Containstwoormorepartsofthesameformandgrammaticalfunction.Wecangainknowledgebyreading,byreflection,byobservationorbypractice.,ShortandLongSentencesShortsentencesareusuallyemphatic,whereaslongsentencearecapableofexpressingcomplexideas.Shortsentencesaresuitableforthepresentationofimportantfactsandideas,andlongsentencesoftheexplanationofviewsandtheories,orthedescriptionofthingswithmanydetails.Weneedalargerpoliceforceforpublicprotection.Weneedamodernizedfiredepartment.Weneedanenlargedlibrary.Weneedtoincreasethepayscaleofteachersinthepublicschools.Weneedtoimproveourwatersupply.Foralltheseneedsthereisbutonesolution.WemustseethatthebondissueisapprovedbythevotersintheNovemberelection.Ihaveoftenwonderedwhethersomepeople，whohadnointentionofmakingapurchase，wouldtakeadvantageofthisprivilegeOnedayIaskedthisquestiontotheshopgirl，andIlearneditwasindeedthecase。,EffectiveSentences,UnityCoherenceConcisenessEmphasisVariety,Unity（统一）,Aunifiedsentenceexpressesasinglecompletethought.Itdoesnotcontainideasthatarenotcloselyrelated,nordoesitexpressathoughtthatisnotcompletebyitself.Faulty:BorninasmalltowninSouthChinaintheearly50s,hegrewuptobeafamousmusician.Revised:HewasborninasmalltowninSouthChinaintheearly50s.Inhischildhoodhelikedtosingsongs.Laterheenteredaconservatory.Inthe70shebecameafamousmusician.,Coherence（连贯）,Coherencemeansclearandreasonableconnectionbetweenparts.Faulty:Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobyhisdeeds.Revised:Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobywhathedoes.Amanisjudgednotonlybyhiswordsbutalsobyhisdeeds.,Faulty:Wethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andaverycapableyoungwoman.Revised:Wethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andverycapable.Wethoughtshewasacharming,intelligent,andverycapableyoungwoman.Faulty:Wehavegreatfaithandhighhopesforher.Revised:Wehavegreatfaithinandhighhopesforher.,Faulty:Shetoldmysisterthatshewaswrong.Revised:“Imwrong,”shesaidtomysister.Sheadmittedthatshewaswrongandsaidsotomysister.“Yourewrong,”shesaidtomysister.Mysisterwastoldthatshewaswrong.Faulty:Thefreshwater,itisthemostimportantthingsoftheearth.Revised:Freshwateristhemostimportantthingsoftheearth.,Conciseness（简洁）,Asentenceshouldcontainnounnecessarywords.Iftheideaisfullyexpressed,thefewerwordsareused,thebetter.Wordy:Itwasblueincolor.Maryisaquietandcarefulwoman.HereturnedintheearlypartofthemonthofAugust.Inspiteofthefactthatheislazy,Ilikehim.Ilikedhiminspiteofhislaziness.Forthepeoplewhoarediligentandkind,moneyisjustthethingtobeusedtobuythethingtheyneed.Diligentandcaringpeopleusemoneyonlytobuywhattheyneed.,Emphasis（强调）,Whenthereisanimportantidea,itshouldbeexpressedwithemphasis.Inwritingtherearewaysforplacingemphasisonsentencesorwordsthatshouldbeemphasized.EmphaticSentencesTheskywasovercast.Anorthwindwasblowing.Itthreatenedtorainatanymoment.Agloomyday.Thepoetwasbornpoor,andpoorheremainedallhislife.Dontmove!/Hownice!DidntItellyouthatyoumustnttouchthismachine?Ididntgetaticketfortheopera.HowcouldI?Thereweresomanyerrorsintheperformancethattheresultwasnotatragedy,butacomedy.Governmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeopleshallnotperishfromtheearth.,2.EmphasiswithintheSentences,a.Placing.Thebeginningandtheend,especiallytheend,ofasentencearethetwoplacesthatattractthereadersattention.Thereisabigtree,whichissaidtobe300yearsold,inthetemple.Inthetemplethereisabigtree,whichissaidtobe300yearsold.b.Repetition.Unnecessaryrepetitionshouldbeavoided.Butinapropercontextrepeatingawordoranideaindifferentwordsmaybeameansofemphasis.Bright,verybright,werethestarsoverthewild,darkYenanhills.Thegoodolddaysweregoneforever,couldneverbegotbackagain.,2.EmphasiswithintheSentences,c.Theverbandtheactivevoice.Whendescribingactions,onehadbetteruseverbsinsteadofnounsdenotingactions.Atthesightofthedisorderlycrowd,hewasawarethatsomethingbadwouldbepossible.Themomenthesawthedisorderlycrowd,heknewthatsomethingbadwouldhappen.,e.Subordination.Puttingaminorideainadependentelementofthesentencesoastogivethemainideaaprominentposition.Theprofessorwalkedintotheclassroomandhecarriedabagofbookswithhim.Theprofessorwalkedintotheclassroom,carryingabagofbookswithhim.Theprofessorwalkedintotheclassroomwithabagofbooksunderhisarm.Theprofessorwalkedintotheclassroom,abagofbooksunderhisarm.Theywerewaitingforthemeetingtobegin.Theytalkedwitheachother.Theytalkedaboutthewomensfootballteam.TheteamhadwonvictoriesinGuangzhou.Whilewaitingforthemeetingtobegin,theytalkedaboutthevictorieswonbythewomensfootballteaminGuangzhou.,e.Emphaticwordsandphrases.ThisistheverydictionaryIhavebeenlookingfor.Thedirectorhimselftoldmethisnews.Hislatestnovelisbyfarthebesthehaseverwritten.Whatoneartharethechildrendoinginthenextroom?Idontliketheplayatall.Thistheatreisfarbetterthantheonewewenttolasttime.ImsohungrythatIlleatwhateverfoodIcanfind.,Variety（多样）要写好句子，就要学会写简单句，写复杂句，并具备能由简单句变复杂句，复杂句变简单句的写作能力，使所写的句子在文章中有短有长，有起有伏。,Varietyisessentialtogoodwriting.Aseriesofsentencesofthesamestructureandlength,beginningwiththesamenounorpronounasthesubject,wouldsoundmonotonous.Varietyisachievedwhenshortsentencesareusedinbetweenlongones,simplesentencesinbetweencompoundandcomplexone.,试比较以下两个段落,（1）Wecanimaginethebeautifulsurroundings.(2)Therearemanytreesalongthestreets.(3)Thereisacleanriverinthecity.(4)Therearemanyfishesintheriver.(5)Therearewillowtreesontheoneside.(6)Therearesomepiecesofgrasslandontheotherside.(7)Therearemanyflowersonthem.(1)Justimaginethebeautifulsurroundingsifwehavemadeourcitiesgreener.(2)Greentreeslinethestreets.(3)Acleanriverwindsthroughthecity,inwhichalotoffishesabound.(4)Ontheonesidestandrowsofwillowtrees.(5)Ontheothersideliesastretchofgrasslandsprinkledwithmanyyellowandredflowers.,一些被滥用的句型,Therebe句型Therearefewerandfewercitizenswholiketoseefilms.Filmsarenowlosingtheirappealformanycitizens.Therearemanypeoplewhocomplainofseverehousingshortages.Housingshortagesbecomethesourceofgreatcomplaint.,一些被滥用的句型,IfIfyoucomparethetwotablescarefully,youwillfindthedifference.Carefulcomparisonofthetwotableswillshowyouthedifference.Ifweonlyapplybookknowledge,wewillnotgetgoodresult.Bookknowledgeonlywillnotbesufficientforustogetgoodresult.Ifthereisnopollution,mancancertainlysurvive.Mancancertainlysurvivewithoutpollution.,一些被滥用的句型,InordertoInordertopreventtheproblembecomingtooserioustosolve,wemusttakeanimmediatestep.Animmediatestepmustbetakenbeforetheproblembecomestooserioustosolve.,一些被滥用的句型,MoreandmoreMoreandmorepeoplenowprefertostayathomeandwatchTV.PeopleinincreasingnumbersprefertostayathomeandwatchTV.Moreandmorepeoplewhobecomemoreandmorerichcanaffordamotorcycle.Thegrowingnumberofpeoplewhobecomeincreasinglyrichcannowaffordamotorcycle.Moreandmoreteenagerssmokecigarettesinrecentyears.Teenagesmokingisontheriseinrecentyears.Moreandmoreteachersareneededwiththedevelopmentofeconomy.Thereisanincreasingdemandforteacherswiththedevelopmentofeconomy.,Moreandmoretreeshavedisappearedinthecity.Thereisasharpdeclineinthenumberoftreesinthecity.Withthedevelopmentofinformationtechnology,moreandmoreE-booksappearinourlives.ThenumberofE-booksisconstantlyontheriseasaresultoftherapiddevelopmentofinformationtechnology.Nowadays,moreandmoreyoungpeopledelayhavingchildren.Thereisagrowingtrendtowarddelayedchildbearingamongyoungcouples.,一些被滥用的句型,Itis或ItisthatItisnecessarytomakeoutwhyagriculturehasdrawnsomuchattention.Whyhasagriculturedrawnsomuchattention.ItisreportedthatthesumofcapitalflowingtoChinaranks2ndintheworld.ThecapitalflowingtoChinaisthesecondlargestintheworld.Itisamatteroffactthatmoreandmorestudentsespeciallycollegestudentstakepart-timejobsintheirsparetimeorinholidays,themostordinaryformofwhichistoactasatutor.Manystudentsaretakingonpart-timejobssuchastutoringyoungerstudents.Itisthecommonsensethatfakecommoditiesareharmfultous.Commonsensetellsusthatpiratedgoodsarenotbeneficialinthelongrun.,练习1：Rewritethefollowingbyputtingtheshortsentencesintocompoundorcomplexsentences,orsentenceswithparticipial,prepositional,orotherphrases,Thegirlbegantolearntoplaythepiano.Atthattimeshewasachild.Hermotherwasafamouspianist.Thegirl,whosemotherwasafamouspianist,begantolearntoplaythepianowhenshewasachild.Becausehermotherwasafamouspianist,thegirlbegantolearntoplaythepianoveryearly.Beingadaughterofafamousfemalepianist,thegirlbegantolearntoplaythepianowhenshewasveryyoung.Hermotherbeingafamousfemalepianist,thegirlbegantolearntoplaythepianoveryearly.,Theyoungdancerappearedonthestage.Astormyapplausebrokeforth.Astormyapplausebrokeforthbecausetheyoungdancerappearedonthestage.Astormyapplausebrokeforthwhentheyoungdancerappearedonthestage.Theyoungdancerreceivedastormyapplauseduringherappearanceonthestage.Theyoungdancerappearedonthestage,receivingastormyapplause.Astormyapplausebrokingforth,thedancerappearedonthestage.,Hereturnedtohishometown.Hehadbeenawayfortwelveyears.Helookedinvainforthefamiliarlandmarks.Helookedinvainforthefamiliarlandmarkswhenhereturnedtohishometownwhichhehadbeenawayfortwelveyears.Hereturnedtohishometownwhichhehadbeenawayfortwelveyears,lookinginvainforthefamiliarlandmarks.Helookedinvainforthefamiliarlandmarksinhishometownwhichhehadbeenawayfortwelveyears.Havingbeenawayfromhishometownfortwelveyears,helookedinvainforthefamiliarlandmarks.Hereturnedtohishometownwhichhehadbeenawayfortwelveyearsonlytofindtheunfamiliarlandmarks.,Wehavemadesomeprogress.Westillhavealongwaytogo.Wehavemadesomeprogressbutwestillhavealongwaytogo.Westillhavealongwaytogoalthoughwehavemadesomeprogress.Someprogresshavingbeenmade,westillhavealongwaytogo.Havingmadesomeprogress,westillhavealongwaytogo.,ThegypsiesarereallyanomadicpeoplefromIndia.TheymigratedintoEurope.OncetheywerethoughttobeEgyptians.BeforemigratingintoEurope,thegypsiesareanomadicpeoplefromIndiabutoncetheywerethoughttobeEgyptians.OriginallybeinganomadicpeoplefromIndia,thegypsiesmigratedintoEuropebutoncetheywerethoughttobeEgyptians.Thegypsies,whoseancestorsarenomadicpeoplefromIndiaandlatermigratedintoEuropewereoncethoughttobeEgyptians.,ProfessorLihadgreatconcernforus.Sheoftencametohelpus.AsProfessorLihadgreatconcernforus,sheoftencametohelpus.ProfessorLihadgreatconcernforus,sosheoftencametohelpus.ProfessorLioftencametohelpusbecauseshehadgreatconcernforus.ProfessorLi,whohadgreatconcernforus,oftencametohelpus.Havinggreatconcernforus,ProfessorLioftencametohelpus.ProfessorLihadgreatconcernforusandthereforeoftencametohelpus.,练习2：Rewritethefollowingsentences,emphasizingthemainideaineach.,Huang,whoisovertwometerstall,isthetallestmanoftheteam.Huang,thetallestmanoftheteam,isovertwometerstall.Socialposition,reputation,evenlifeitself,andfriends,werenolongerinterestingtohimafterhewentbankrupt.Afterbankruptcy,henolongerinterestedinanything,suchassocialposition,reputation,evenlifeitselfandfriends.Hedecidedtotakethejob,anditwassomethingunexpected.Outofexpectation,hedecidedtotakethejob.,Chinawillnotbethefirsttousenuclearweaponsunderanycircumstances.UndernocircumstanceswillChinabethefirsttousenuclearweapons.Yangalonecandothework,andtherearetwentystudentsintheclass.Therearetwentystudentsintheclass,butYangalonecandothework.Chinahaschangedagreatdealasaresultofreformandtheopenpolicyduringthepast20years.ItisthereformandopenpolicythatmadeChinachangedagreatdeal.,练习3：Rewritethefollowingpassage,givingthesentencessomevarietyinlengthandstructure.,IgotupalittlelaterthanusualonSundaymorning.Iwashedandhadaquickbreakfast.ThenIstartedgoingtotowntobuythedictionaryrecommendedbytheteacher.AttheschoolgateIsawLiPing.Iaskedhimifhewasgoingtotowntoo,andhesaidthathewas.Sowedecidedtogotogether.Allthebuseswerecrowded.Wehadtowaitforalongtimeatthebusstopbeforewecouldgetonabus.Anhourlaterwegotoffthebusatabusystreet.Therewerethreebookstoresthere.Wewenttothefirstoneanddidntfindthedictionary.Thenwewenttothesecondoneandtheshopassistantsaidthatthedictionarywassoldout.Ifinallyboughtthedictionaryatthethirdbookstore.AfterthatLiPingandIwenttootherstoresandboughtvariousthings.Wereturnedtoschooljustintimeforlunch.,GettingupalittlelaterthanusualonSundaymorningandhavingawashandaquickbreakfast,istartedgoingtotowntobuythedictionaryrecommendedbytheteacher.WhatpleasedmeisthatImetLiPingattheschoolgateandheagreeedtogowithme.Allthebusesbeingcrowded,wehadtowaitforalongtimeatthebusstopbeforegettingonone.Wegotoffthebusatabusystreetanhourlaterwheretherearethreebookstores.Butthedictionaryisnotavailableatthefirsttwostores.Itisatthelastonethatwegotthebookweneed.Wereturnedtoschooljustintimeforlunchwiththebookandotherthingswebought.,SkillsinWritingSentences,1.句子扩充句子扩充指的是在简单句的基础上添加适当的修饰成分,使句子能准确客观地表达作者的思想,反映事物的本来面貌。Heisacollegestudent.HeisajunioratBeijingUniversity,majoringincomputerscience.,1.1添加形容词或副词通过添加形容词或副词对句子中的名词和动词加以修饰,使名词表意更确切,动词行为更生动,给人以亲临其境,栩栩如生之感。这在句子扩充的技巧中是最常用,也是最容易做到的。如:Thiscourseisawaytoimprovemylanguageskills(这门课程是改进我语言技巧的一种途径)。修改后，ThisoptionalcourseisagoodwaytoimprovemyEnglishlanguageskillseffectively。,练习1.Thepaintingcompetitiondrewstudents.Theyearlypaintingcompetitiondrewcrowdsofcollegestudents.2.InChina,bothwomenandmencandowellintheircareer.IntodaysChina,womencandoequallywellintheirwork.,1.2添加介词短语用来扩充句子的介词短语一般在句子中作定语和状语,表明事物的特征和行为发生的时间、地点、原因、目的、方式等。通过给句子添加介词短语,可以使句子意思更明确,信息更充实。在说明文和记述文中介词短语用的最多。例1A)BraindrainisoftenheardB)Inrecentyears,braindrainisoftenheardinmostofthedevelopingcountries,例2A)CreativityisanimportantfeatureB)Creativityisoneofthemostimportantfeaturesofasuccessfulpersoninourdays练习：1.HeisgoingtoBeijing.HeisgoinguptoBeijingnextweekforajobinterview.,1.3添加分词短语用于扩充句子的分词短语一般在句子中作定语或状语。分词短语可分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词一般可表示行为方式、伴随动作及时间和原因等,而过去分词在句子中可表示原因、时间、条件及动作发生时的背景或情况。A)TheycompletedtheexperimentB)Workingrightthroughmorethantwoyears,theycompletedtheexperiment.,A)Wehadgreatdifficultyincompletingtheproject.B)Nothavinggotenoughhands,wehadgreatdifficultyincompletingtheproject.,1.4添加不定式不定式是动词的一种非限定形式,在句子中可以担当多种成分。不定式在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。不定式具有动词的特征,有时态和语态的变化。通过添加不定式,可以把作者的思想表达的更充分,把事情的原因,目的,结果,状态,性质和特征交代地更清楚。A)Youshouldhaveconfide