沉默教学法(英语).ppt

TheSilentWay,WhatistheSilentWay?,ItisthenameofalanguageteachingmethoddevisedbyDr.CalebGattegno.,Background,Americaneducator,CalebGattegnocreatedinthe70s,1983.Basicprinciple:Teachingshouldbesubordinatedtolearning.Teachingistoservelearningprocessratherthantodominateit.Learnersareactivelysearchingforrulesofthetargetlanguageregardingtothelearnerinthecognitiveapproach.,Errorssignsthatstudentswereactivelytestingtheirhypotheses.NoEnglishteachingmethodsaredirectlyfromcognitiveapproach,butanumberofinnovativemethodsemerged.Thesilentwayisoneofthem.,Background,Duringtheprocessofteaching,theteacherhastobesilentasmuchastheycould,butthelearnerhastobeencouragedtoproduceasmuchlanguageaspossible.,TheapproachiscalledtheSilentWaybecausetheteacherremainsmainlysilent,togivestudentsthespacetheyneedtolearntotalk.Inthisapproach,itisassumedthatthestudentspreviousexperienceoflearningfromtheirmothertonguewillcontributetolearningthenewforeignlanguage.Theacquisitionofthemothertonguebringsawarenessofwhatlanguageisandthisisretainedinsecondlanguagelearning.Theawarenessofwhatlanguageisincludestheuseofnon-verbalcomponentsoflanguagesuchasintonation,melody,breathing,inflection,theconventionofwriting,andthecombinationsoflettersfordifferentsounds.Rods,pictures,objectsorsituationsareaidsusedforlinkingsoundsandmeaningsintheSilentWay.,ThecoloredCuisenairerods奎西奈彩色棒,onepointer,Theteacherusescharts,gestures,andmanipulativestoelicitandshapestudentresponsesandsomustbebothfacileandcreativeasapantomimistandpuppeteer.,Withintheatmosphereofsilence,learnerswouldconcentrateonthetasktobeaccomplishedandthepotentialmeanstoitsaccomplishment.,Learnersgoontocreatetheirownutterancesbyputtingtogetheralltheinformationtheyhave.Learnersonlyhavethemselvesandthegrouptorelyon,andtheyneedtoworkcooperativelyratherthancompetitively.,Thoughteachersmodelingisminimal,learnersareexpectedtodevelopindependence,autonomy,andresponsibility.,Theabsenceofcorrectionandrepeatedmodelingfromteachersrequirestudentstodevelop“innercriteria”andtocorrectthemselvesandtheirpeers.,Goals:,A.Studentsshouldbeabletousethelanguageforself-expression.B.Studentsneedtodeveloptheirowninnercriteriaforcorrectnessbyeachotherorthemselveswithoutthedependenceoftheteacher.,TechniquesandPrinciples:teachingshouldbesubordinatedtolearning,Student-teacherinteraction:Theteacherworkswiththestudent;thestudentworksonthelanguage.Gattegno,TechniquesandPrinciples:1.Teachersroles:,A.Startwithsomethingthestudentshavealreadyknownandbuildfromthattotheunknown.B.Asatechnicianorengineer:Theteacherisasilenthelperwhoonlygiveswhathelpisnecessary.C.Respecttheautonomyofthelearnersintheirattemptsatrelatingandinteractingwiththenewchallenges.,TechniquesandPrinciples:2.Studentsroles:,A.MakeuseofwhattheyknowB.FreethemselvesofanyobstaclesthatwouldinterferewithgivingtheirutmostattentiontothelearningtaskC.Activelyengageinexploringthelanguage.,TechniquesandPrinciples:3.Peercorrection,Studentsareencouragedtohelpanotherstudentwhenheorsheisexperiencingdifficulty.,TechniquesandPrinciples:4.Self-correctiongestures,Theteacherwillusesomegesturestodirectthestudents.,TechniquesandPrinciples:5.Structuredfeedback,A.Studentslearntotakeresponsibilityfortheirownlearningbybecomingawareofandecontrollinghowtheyusecertainlearningstrategiesinclass.B.Theteacheracceptsthestudentscommentsinanondefensivemanner.C.Thiswillgivehimdirectionforwheretoworkonnext.,Someusesofcoloredrods,Thisisachartcontainingacertainnumberofdifferentcolouredrectangles;eachcolourcorrespondstoasoundinthelanguage.,TheFidelisasetofchartspresentingallthepossiblespellingsofeachsoundofthelanguage.,Oneofthe12wordchartsonwhichthefunctionalwordsofthelanguageareprintedincolor.,Culture:,Cultureisaninseparablepartoflanguage.Languagereflectsculture.Everydaylife,art,literature.etc.shouldbelearnt.,Culture:,Stop!,Pleaserepeat,onewordperfinger,Openwider,please!,Comparisonwiththetraditionalteachingmethods,Traditionalteachingmethodsstronglyfocusonrepetitionofsentencesmodeledbytheteacher,andaprocessthroughguidedelicitationexercisestofreercommunication.,IntheSilentWay,theindirectroletheteacherisrequiredtoassumeindirectingandmonitoringlearnerperformance,theresponsibilityplacedonlearnerstofigureoutandtesttheirhypothesesabouthowthelanguageswork.,Comparisonwiththetraditionalteachingmethods,Next,Thesilentway,AdvantagesDisadvantagesConclusion,Advantages,Thismethodfosterscooperativelearningbetweenindividuals.Itembodiesanewapproachtoeducationingeneral,arespectfortheindividualandanawarenessoftheindividualsextraordinarycognitivepowers.,Advantages,Ifitissucceededtoteachthelanguagebyusingtherodswithoutrepeatingtoomuch,itwillreallysavetimeandenergyforbothteachersstudents.TheadvocatesoftheSilentWayclaimthattheshort-termmemoryisusedartificiallybutwell.Theself-esteemofthestudentswillbeincreasedandthiswillenhancelearning.BythiswaystudentswillsayIlearnedinsteadofIwastaughtwell.,Disadvantages,ItwouldseemnecessaryforateachertogainagooddealoftrainingandskillinordertoapplytheSilentWaytotheteachingofatotalgrammarinallitscomplexity,ifsuchabroadapplicationis,infact,possible.,Disadvantages,Thismethodcanbebenefitedbytheteacheronlyinsmallgroupsofstudents.Theteachercangainabilityinthismethodbytrying.Theteacherisexpectedtoenrichthematerialsonhis/herown.Forsometeacherstherigidityofthesystem(norepetitionsbytheteacher,noanswersbytheteacheretc.)maybemeaningless.,Disadvantages,Forsomelearners,onelimitationistheapproachtolanguagebasicswhichbeginswithseeminglyirrelevantdiscussionsaboutrodsandwhichinvolvessilenceandconcentrationandgameswiththeteacheraboutmeaning.Studentsexpectationsandneedforimmediatelyrelevantlanguagelearningmayforceteacherstoabandontheapproach,Disadvantages,Howsuchamethodwouldintheaverageclassroomsituation,orhowsuccessfullyitmightbeusedatmoreadvancedlevelsisaquestionmarkleftinourminds.Languageisseparatedfromitssocialcontextandtaughtthroughartificialsituationsusuallybyrods.,Conclusion,DespitethephilosophicalandsometimesalmostmetaphysicalqualityofmuchofGattegnoswritings,theactualpracticesoftheSilentWayaremuchlessrevolutionarythanmightbeexpected.Workingfromwhatisarat