Adam-Smith-亚当斯密PPT课件

-,1,Groupmember:TimCarmenCarrie,Economics,-AboutAdamsmith,-,2,AdamSmiththeFatherofEconomics,AScottishmoralphilosopherandapioneerofpoliticaleconomy,-,3,Born:in1723Died:in1790Graduatedfrom:theUniversityofGlasgowandBalliolCollege,OxfordNationality:ScottishRegion:westernphilosophySchool:classicaleconomicsMaininterests:political,philosophy,ethics,economics,-,4,Notableideas:classicaleconomicsModernfreemarketDivisionoflaborTheinvisiblehandInfluencedby:Aristotle,Hutcheson(哈奇深)，Montesquieu（孟德斯鸠）andsoonInfluenced:Ricardo(李嘉图)，Mill(密尔),Marx,Engelsandsoon,-,5,Thetheoryofmoralsentiments-(道德情操论)1759,TheWealthofNations-（国富论）1776,EssaysonPhilosophicalSubjects-（哲学论文集）1795,HistoryofAstronomy-（天文历史学）1795,Masterpieces,-,6,SmithwasborninKirkcaldy,fife,ScotlandbutthedateofSmithsbirthisunknown.Hisfather,alsonamedAdamSmith,diedtwomonthsafterSmithwasborn.,ThelifeofSmith,-,7,WhenhewasfourteenSmithenteredtheUniversityofGlasgowandstudiedmoralphilosophyunderFrancisHutcheson.Here,Smithdevelopedhispassionforliberty,reason,andfreespeech.,theUniversityofGlasgow,-,8,In1740SmithattendedBalliolCollege,Oxford.SmithconsideredtheteachingatGlasgowfarsuperiortothatatOxford,.HeleftOxfordUniversityin1746,beforehisscholarshipended.,BalliolCollege,Oxford,牛津大学贝利奥尔学院,-,9,In1748,SmithbegandeliveringpubliclecturesinUniversityofEdinburgh,Attherehislecturesmetwithsuccess.,UniversityofEdinburgh,-,10,-,11,In1759,SmithpublishedTheTheoryofMoralSentiments,embodyingsomeofhisGlasgowlectures.,-,12,TheWealthofNationswaspublishedin1776andwasaninstantsuccess,sellingoutitsfirsteditioninonlysixmonths.,-,13,In1783,smithbecameoneofthefoundingmembersoftheRoyalSocietyofEdinburgh,andfrom1787to1789heoccupiedthehonorarypositionofLordRectoroftheUniversityofGlasgow.,On17July1790,HediedinEdinburghafterapainfulillness.Onhisdeathbed,Smithexpresseddisappointmentthathehadnotachievedmore.,-,14,Smithleftbehindmanynotesandsomeunpublishedmaterial,butgaveinstructionstodestroyanythingthatwasnotfitforpublication.HementionedanearlyunpublishedHistoryofAstronomyasprobablysuitable,anditdulyappearedin1795,alongwithothermaterialsuchasEssaysonPhilosophicalSubjects,-,15,TheoryofMoralSentiments(道德情操论）,Dividedmoralphilosophyintofourparts:1)EthicsandVirtue（伦理道德）;2)PrivaterightsandNaturalliberty;3)Familialrights(calledEconomics);4)StateandIndividualrights(calledPolitics).,-,16,Morespecifically,Smithdividedmoralsystemsinto:Categoriesofthenatureofmorality.TheseincludedPropriety（礼貌）,Prudence（谨慎）,andBenevolence（仁慈）.Categoriesofthemotiveofmorality.TheseincludedSelf-love,Reason,andSentiment.,-,17,Synopsis（大纲）:Sympathyarosefromaninnatedesiretoidentifywiththeemotionsofothers.Itcouldleadpeopletostrivetomaintaingoodrelationswiththeirfellowhumanbeingsandprovidethebasisbothforspecificbenevolentactsandforthegeneralsocialorder.Thuswasformedwithinthebreastthepsychologicalbasisforthedesiretoobeynaturallaws.,-,18,OftheDivisionofLabour:Divisionoflabourhascausedagreaterincreaseinproductionthananyotherfactor.Thisdiversificationisgreatestfornationswithmoreindustryandimprovement,andisresponsibleforuniversalopulence（共同富裕）inthosecountries.Agricultureislessamenablethanindustrytodivisionoflabour;hence,richnationsarenotsofaraheadofpoornationsinagricultureasinindustry.,-,19,OfthePrinciplewhichgivesOccasiontotheDivisionofLabour:Divisionoflaborarisesnotfrominnatewisdom,butfromhumanspropensity(习性）tobarter（物物交换）.Theapparentdifferenceinnaturaltalentsbetweenpeopleisaresultofspecialization,notacause.,-,20,ThattheDivisionofLabourisLimitedbytheExtentoftheMarket:Limitedopportunityforexchangediscouragesdivisionoflabor.Becausewater-carriageextendsthemarket,divisionoflabor,withitsimprovements,comesearliesttocitiesnearwaterways.CivilizationbeganaroundthehighlynavigableMediterraneanSea（地中海）.,-,21,OftheOriginandUseofMoney:Withdivisionoflabor,theproduceofonesownlaborcanfillonlyasmallpartofonesneeds.Differentcommodities（商品）haveservedasacommonmediumofexchange,butallnationshavefinallysettledonmetals,whicharedurableanddivisible,forthispurpose.Beforecoinage（货币制度）,peoplehadtoweighandassaywitheachexchange,orriskthegrossestfraudsandimpositions.（最严重的欺诈行为和惩罚）,-,22,OftheRealandNominalPriceofCommodities,oroftheirPriceinLabour,andtheirPriceinMoney:AdamSmithdefinesthevalueofcommodities:bythelabourembeddedbythelabouragoodcommands,-,23,OftheNaturalandMarketPriceofCommodities:Whenthequantityofanycommoditywhichisbroughttomarketfallsshortoftheeffectualdemand,allthosewhoarewillingtopay.cannotbesuppliedwiththequantitywhichtheywant.Someofthemwillbewillingtogivemore.Acompetitionwillbeginamongthem,andthemarketpricewillrise.Whenthequantitybroughttomarketexceedstheeffectualdemand,itcannotbeallsoldtothosewhoarewillingtopaythewholevalueoftherent,wagesandprofit,whichmustbepaidinordertobringitthither.Themarketpricewillsink.”(SupplyandDemand).,-,24,OftheWagesofLabour:Inthissection,Smithdescribeshowthewagesoflabouraredictatedprimarilybythecompetitionamonglabourersandmasters.Whenlabourersbidagainstoneanotherforlimitedopportunitiesforemployment,thewagesoflabourcollectivelyfall,whereaswhenemployerscompeteagainstoneanotherforlimitedsuppliesoflabour,thewagesoflabourcollectivelyrise.However,thisprocessofcompetitionisoftencircumventedbycombinationsamonglabourersandamongmasters.Whenlabourerscombineandnolongerbidagainstoneanother,theirwagesrise,whereaswhenmasterscombine,wagesfall.,-,25,BookII:OftheNature,Accumulation（积累）,andEmploymentofStockBookIII:OfthedifferentProgressofOpulenceindifferentNationsBookIV:OfSystemsofpoliticalEconomyBookV:OftheRevenueoftheSovereignorCommonwealth,-,26,ThemainconceptofabsoluteadvantageisgenerallyattributedtotheWealthofNationsinwhichhecounteredmercantilist（重商主义者）ideas.Smitharguedthatitwasimpossibleforallnationstobecomerichsimultaneously（同时地）byfollowingmercantilismbecausetheexportofonenationisanothernationsimportandinsteadstatedthatallnationswouldgainsimultaneouslyiftheypracticedfreetradeandspecializedinaccordancewiththeirabsoluteadvantage.Smithalsostatedthatthewealthofnationsdependsuponthegoodsandservicesavailabletotheircitizens,ratherthantheirgoldreserves.Whiletherearepossiblegainsfromtradewithabsoluteadvantage,thegainsmaynotbemutuallybeneficial.Comparativeadvantagefocusesontherangeofpossiblemutuallybeneficialexchanges.,-,27,Acountryhasanabsoluteadvantageoveranotherinproducingagood,ifitcanproducethatgoodusingfewerresourcesthananothercountry.ForexampleifoneunitoflaborinIndiacanproduce80unitsofwoolor20unitsofwine;whileinSpainoneunitoflabormakes50unitsofwoolor75unitsofwine,thenIndiahasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingwoolandSpainhasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingwine.IndiacangetmorewinewithitslaborbyspecializinginwoolandtradingthewoolforSpanishwine,whileSpaincanbenefitbytradingwineforwool.(AdamSmith,WealthofNations,BookIV,Ch.2.),-,28,Assumingthattheemployeesofbothpartiesarepaidequally,PartyBhasanabsoluteadvantageoverPartyAinproducingwidgets（小器具）perhour.ThisisbecausePartyBcanproducetwiceasmanywidgetsasPartyAcanwiththesamenumberofemployees.,Anothersimpleexample,-,29,PoliticaleconomicsinAdamSmithhasgrownintoawhole,itisincludedinthescopeofacertainextent,hasbeenformedbyAdamSmithforthefirsttimethebasicproblemofpoliticaleconomicshasmadeasystematicstudy,-,30,establishedacompletetheorysystem,increasetheBritishbourgeoisclassicalpoliticaleconomicstoanewlevel.,-,31,在亚当斯密那里，政治经济学已发展为某种整体，它所包括的范围在一定程度上已经形成。亚当斯密第一次对政治经济学的基本问题做出了系统的研究，创立了一个完整的理论体系，把英国资产阶级古典政治经济学提高到一个新的水平,-,32,Amongmanyfactorscontributingtoourmodernwayoflife,thewealthofnations，theinfluenceofthisbookcanbecomparablewithanymodernclassicsfamouscriticpepeReina,在促成我们现代生活方式的许多因素之中，国富论这本书所发生的影响，可媲美任何一本现代的典籍。著名批评家雷纳,-,33,西洋公学译书院新译亚当斯密国富论。欧洲200年前理财政策多与中国相似，自此书出，英国首先采用，遂立今日富强之基。今日中国患贫久矣，和议既立，必以整理财政为先，译成是书以备参考。1900年12月27日中国新闻报,尽管之前已有其他学者论述了一些经济学思想和原理，但亚当斯密仍被世人尊称为“经济学之父”。这一称誉并非源于他富有创意的观念或经济学分析的技巧，而是源于他将资本主义确立为使每个人的生活得到改善的一种经济制度，斯密是第一位将收益视作来源于更充分的竞争和提倡能够刺激更多竞争的政策的经济学家，他认为政府应减少对经济的干预并应拟订政策来抑制垄断的出现。,-,35,However,Smithforfreetradeisnotunanimousapprovalexceptexpoundsoneconomicgrowth,Smithalsoattemptstoillustrateshowtheincomefromtheproductionofproductsandservicesasoneofthefirstanalysisofspecificdistri