Occupational Health and Safety in Canada_Chapter06.ppt

ChemicalandBiologicalAgents化学和生物因素,Chapter6,2011NelsonEducationLtd.,2011NelsonEducationLtd.,6-2,LearningObjectives学习目标,Afterreadingthischapter,youshouldbeableto:学习此章后应可以：definethenumeroustermsrelatingtochemicalandbiologicalagents定义有关化学或生物因素的许多术语discussthemanagementofchemicalandbiologicalagents讨论化学和生物因素的管理outlinetheactionsofchemicalandbiologicalagentsonhumanphysiology简要说明化学和生物因素对人身体的影响explainthehealthandsafetyrisksofairbornerespirablecontaminantsandaerosols解释空气中可吸入污染物和气溶胶造成的卫生和安全风险discussthemethodsofmeasuringairbornecontaminants讨论测量空气中污染物的方法,2011NelsonEducationLtd.,6-3,OHSKeyTerms职业卫生安全重要术语,ChemicalAgents化学因素hazardscreatedbyoneormorechemicals由一种或多种化学制品造成的危害Biohazard生物危害hazardcreatedbyexposuretobiologicalmaterial接触生物材料造成的危害Ambient环境all-encompassingconditionassociatedwithagivenenvironment与指定环境相关的所有情况compositeofinputsfromsourcesallaroundus由所有我们周围资源的投入合成,2011NelsonEducationLtd.,6-4,OHSKeyTerms职业卫生安全重要术语,Toxicity毒性abilitytocauseinjurytohumanbiologicaltissue对人体生物组织造成伤害的能力Aerosols气溶胶airbornerespirablecontaminants,suchasliquiddropletsorsolidparticulate,dispersedinair,thatareofafineenoughparticlesize(0.01to100micrometres)toremainsuspendedforatime空气中可吸入的污染物，如分散在空气中并可停留一段时间的细小微粒（0.01-100微米）的液滴或固体微粒,2011NelsonEducationLtd.,6-5,ChemicalAgents化学因素,Hazardscreatedbyoneormorechemicals由一种或多种化学制品造成的危害Morethan70,000chemicalsinuseinNorthAmericaandabout800newonesintroducedeveryyear在北美有超过7万种化学制品在使用并每年大约新增800种Notoxicitydataavailableforabout80%ofcommercially-usedchemicals大约80%商业使用的化学制品没有毒性数据可查Physiologicalreactionstolow-levelchemicalexposuresintheenvironment环境中接触低阶化学品的生理反应headaches,drynasalpassages,andnausea头痛，鼻干和恶心,2011NelsonEducationLtd.,6-6,Toxicology:AnOverview毒理学：概述,Toxicology毒理学scientificstudyofpoisons研究毒药的科学studyofchemical-relatedoccupationalillnesses研究和化学品相关的职业病Chemicalsenterbodybyoneoffourroutesofentry:化学品进入人体的4种途径：respiration(inhalation)呼吸（吸入）skinabsorption皮肤吸收Ingestion摄入skinpenetration皮肤渗透,2011NelsonEducationLtd.,6-7,Respiration(Inhalation)呼吸（吸入）,Mosthumanexposuretochemicalscomesfrombreathingairbornecontaminants多数人接触化学制品通过呼吸空气中的污染物Fivebasiclevelsofprotectionwithinrespiratorytract:保护呼吸道的5个基本层次：Nose鼻子interiorofthenasalpassage鼻腔内部mucus/cilia粘液/纤毛lungpassages肺腔alveoli(tinyairsacsattheendsofthelungsairpassages)肺泡（在肺部空气通道末端的小气囊）,2011NelsonEducationLtd.,6-8,SkinAbsorption皮肤吸收,Chemicalcontactwiththeskinisacommonoccurrence皮肤接触化学制品经常发生Chemicalsnotabsorbedthroughskinmayproducelocalizedirritation(dermatitis)不被皮肤吸收的化学制品会造成局部刺激（皮炎）Burnsorblisterscanresultfromcontactwithacidsoralkalis(chemicalaction)接触酸或碱（化学品操作）可导致烧伤或水泡Skindisorderscanresultfromcontactwithcertainplants(biologicalaction)接触某些植物（生物品操作）可导致皮肤疾病Skindamagecanresultfromcontactwithradiationorheat(physicalaction)接触辐射或热（物理操作）可导致皮肤损伤,2011NelsonEducationLtd.,6-9,Ingestion摄入,Poorpersonalhygiene,eating,drinking,orsmokinginanareawheresolventsareused不注意个人卫生，在使用溶剂的地方吃喝或吸烟Ingestionofmostsolventscausesdamagetoliningofdigestivesystem摄入许多溶剂会造成消化系统内部的损害Ingestedsolventmaybeabsorbedintobloodstreamandcarriedtoorganswhereitwillproducetoxiceffects摄入的溶剂随血液吸收被带到各器官并会产生毒副作用Ingestedsolventmaybeaspiratedintothelungswhereitcandestroythesurfactantlayer,causeachemicalpneumonitis,andcollapsethealveoli摄入的溶剂可能吸入肺里破坏肺表面活性物质层造成化学性肺炎和肺泡破裂,2011NelsonEducationLtd.,6-10,Penetration渗透,Occurswhenskiniscutorpuncturedbyanysharpobject当皮肤被尖锐物品切或刺破时发生Typeofcontaminationonthesource,suchasaknifeorneedle,willdeterminepossibletraumaorillness污染源类别，如刀或针，将决定受到的创伤或疾病Workerssuchasdoctors,nurses,andveterinarianscaneasilybepuncturedbyahypodermicneedle工作人员如医生，护士和兽医容易被注射针刺破Disordersrangeinseriousnessfromlow-gradeinfectionstoHIV(humanimmunodeficiencyvirus)得病范围按严重性可从低级感染到艾滋病（人类免疫缺陷病毒）,2011NelsonEducationLtd.,6-11,CharacteristicsandPropertiesofSolvents溶剂的特征和性质,Characteristicsandpropertiesthatmakesolventseffectivebutalsohazardousandtoxic:溶剂的特性造成溶剂有效但同时也会造成危害和中毒：Lowsurfacetension低表面张力Highvapourpressure高蒸汽压力Lowboilingpoint低沸点Lowheatofvaporization低气化热Highvolatility高波动性Abilitytodissolvefats溶解脂肪的能力Flammability易燃性Vaporization气化,2011NelsonEducationLtd.,6-12,InorganicSolvents无机溶剂,Twoclasses:acidsandbases两大类：酸和碱Acids酸hydrochloricacid(HCl),sulphuricacid(H2SO4),chromicacid(H2CrO4)aresomeofthemostcommon最常见的盐酸，硫酸，铬酸highlycorrosive高腐蚀性usedforrefiningandprocessingmetals用于精炼和加工金属healtheffects:burnsresultingfrominhalationandskincontact对健康的影响：引入和皮肤接触会导致烧伤eyesaremostsusceptible;splashing眼睛最易受影响；溅伤,2011NelsonEducationLtd.,6-13,InorganicSolvents无机溶剂,Bases(alkalines)碱（碱性的）potassiumhydroxide(KOH),sodiumhydroxide(NaOH),andsodiumchloride(NaCl;akatablesalt)氢氧化钾，氢氧化钠和氯化钠（盐）sodiumchlorideinitsrefinedstateisarequirementofanormaldiet;lessrefinedformisroadsalt精制氯化钠是平常饮食的需要，不精制的是道路用盐othertwoalkalinesareusedtoetchordissolveavarietyofmaterials其他两个碱性物质用于蚀刻或分解各种材料allaretoxicincertainconcentrations达到一定浓度皆都有毒,2011NelsonEducationLtd.,6-14,OrganicSolvents有机溶剂,Petrochemicallybased石化产品为基础Manufacturedbycombiningcarbonatomwithagreatmanyotherelements由碳原子结合其他许多元素制造Identifiedbymolecularstructureandcanbegrouped由分子结构表标识并可分类,2011NelsonEducationLtd.,6-15,BiologicalAgents生物因素,BiologicalAgents生物因素naturalorganismsorproductsoforganismsthatpresentarisktohumans对人有危险的自然有机体或有机体制成品diseasesresultingfrombiologicalagentsinclude:生物因素导致疾病包括：Legionnairesdisease(legionellapneumophilia)军团病（大叶性肺炎）AIDS(acquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome)艾滋病（获得性免疫功能丧失综合症）exposuretobiohazardsisnotascommonasexposuretochemicalagents接触性危害不像接触化学因素那么常见,2011NelsonEducationLtd.,6-16,ControlofExposures接触控制,Safeuseandhandlingofchemicalandbiologicalagentscanbeensuredthroughavarietyofcontrolmeasures:可通过各种控制措施确保生化制剂的安全使用和处理：Engineering工程workpractices工作实践medicalcontrol医疗控制,2011NelsonEducationLtd.,6-17,EngineeringControls工程控制,Substitutionwithlesshazardoussolvents用危害小的溶剂替代Processenclosureexhaustventilation封闭流程排气通风Closedsystems封闭系统Maintenanceofengineeringcontrolsystems工程控制系统维护Vapourrecoverysystem气体回收系统Controlofignitionsystems点火系统控制,2011NelsonEducationLtd.,6-18,WorkPractices工作实践,Standardworkprocedures标准工作程序Educationandtrainingforworkers职工教育培训Labels/MSDS安全标签Safetycans安全罐Goodhousekeeping良好工地管理Preventivemaintenance预防性维护Recordkeeping记录保存Wastedisposal废物处置,2011NelsonEducationLtd.,6-19,AdministrativeControls管理控制,Mostimportantadministrativefunctioniseducationandtrainingofallemployeesinsafeworkpractices最重要的管理功能是教育培训所有雇员安全工作法Employeesshouldreceivetrainingin:员工应有培训：safeoperatingandemergencyprocedures安全操作及紧急流程useandcareofPPE个人防护用品的使用和保养handlingandcontrolofagents制剂的处理和控制Trainingmustbeconductedonanongoingbasis,giventhatnewsolventsandotheragentsarecontinuallyenteringtheworkplace新溶剂和其他制剂不断进入工作城所，培训也必须持续进行WorkersmustbefamiliarwithWHMISlegislation工人必须熟悉危险品法,2011NelsonEducationLtd.,6-20,PersonalProtectiveEquipment(PPE)个人防护用品,Inhalationisthemostcommonandhazardousrouteofentry吸入是最常见和危险的进入途径Mostcommonlyusedprotectiondeviceisarespirator最常用的防护品是口罩Respiratoryprotectionismorespecializedforbiohazardsthanitisforchemicalagents呼吸防护在防生物危害中比防化学制剂危害更有效PPEforhands,face,andotherbodypartsmustbeprovidedwherenecessary在需要的地方必须提供针对手，脸和身体其他部位的个人防护用品Nosingleprotectivedevice,suchasafacemask,willadequatelyaddressallconditionsforallworkers单一的防护设备，如面具，不能解决所有工人的所有情况Devicemustbeproperlyfittedtoindividual设备必须正确地落实到个人Onesizedoesnotfitall一种尺寸不能适合所有的需要,2011NelsonEducationLtd.,6-21,PersonalHygienePractices个人卫生习惯,Ingestionofchemicalsorbiologicalparticulateisoftentheresultofpoorhygiene摄入化学或生物颗粒往往是不好的卫生习惯造成Individualswhohandleagentswithoutwearingproperprotectivegear,suchasgloves,areatriskoffoodcontamination处理制剂不穿适当防护装备，如手套，的人会有食物污染的危险Chemicalsthatarenotadequatelyremovedattheworkplacecanbetransferredtoworkershome工作场所未完全去除的化学品可能会散播到职工家里,2011NelsonEducationLtd.,6-22,PersonalHygienePractices个人卫生习惯,Individualswhohandletoxicsubstancesmustadheretothefollowing:处理有毒品的人必须遵如下：removeouterprotectiveclothing,andcleanhands,arms,face,andnailsbeforeenteringrestareasorlunchrooms进入休息区或食堂前要去除外层防护衣物并清洗手，胳膊，脸和指甲avoidtouchinglips,nose,andeyeswithcontaminatedhands避免用受污染的手触摸嘴唇，鼻子和眼睛washhandsbeforeeating,drinking,orsmo