西方翻译理论.ppt

,AccordingtoSteiner(1998:248-9),thehistoryofdiscourseontranslationisdividedintofourperiods:(1)atraditionalperiod,fromthebeginningoftheChristianeratotheendoftheeighteenthcentury,whichisaperiodofimmediateempiricalfocus“(2)aperiodoftheoryandhermeneuticinquiry,growingoutofGermanRomanticismaroundthebeginningofthenineteenthcentury,(3)amodernperiod,reachingwellintothetwentiethcentury,inwhichtheinfluenceofGeneralLinguisticsisincreasinglydominant(4)thecontemporaryperiod,aculturalturntotranslationstudies.,atraditionalperiod,Overtwomillennia,onlyafewauthorshavesucceededinintroducinganythingfundamentalornew.ThesecreatorsandtransformersincludeSaintJerome,Luther,Dryden,Holderlin,Novalis,Schleiermacher,Nietzsche,EzraPound,(1998:283),Cicero(西塞罗公元前106-前43年,古罗马政治家、雄辩家),Isawthattoemploythesameexpressionsprofitedmenothing,whiletoemployotherswasapositivehindranceAfterwardsIresolvedtotranslatefreelyGreekspeechesofthemosteminentorators.Asaconsequence,Inotonlyfoundmyselfusingthebestwords,andyetquitefamiliarones,butalsocoiningbyanalogycertainwordssuchaswouldbenewtoourpeople,providedonlytheywereappropriate(Robinson1997a:7).,西塞罗主要观点,译者应该像演说家一样，使用符合古罗马语言习惯的语言来表达外来作品的内容。直译是缺乏技巧的表现。翻译应保留词语最内层的东西，即意思。翻译也是文学创作。各种语言的修辞手段彼此相通，因此翻译可以做到风格对等。提出“解释员”式翻译和“演说家”式翻译，即直译与意译。,St.Jerome,Heinsistedon“theaccuratetransmissionofthemeaningofthetextratherthanthebuddingoratorsfreelyrangingimagination“.Heintroducedthefirstmajorshiftinwesterntranslationtheory“.Jeromemaintainedthemajortermsofsourcetextandtargettext,originalmeaningandtranslatedmeaning,theconceptsofliteralanddynamictranslation(wordforwordandsenseforsense“).Interpretingtheoriginalmeaningcorrectlyinordertoreproduceitproperly(Gentzler1993:95).,哲罗姆（347-420）,翻译不能始终字当句对，而必须采取灵活的原则。应当区别对待文学翻译与宗教翻译。前者意译，后者直译。正确的翻译必须依靠正确的理解。,MartinLuther,Luthersaimistokeepcommunicationwithreadersandlisteners,buttheaudienceforhisnewtranslationofthescriptureswascomposednotofscholarsbutplainspeakersofvernacularGerman,themotherinherhouse,thechildreninthestreet,andthecommonmaninthemarket(Robinson1997a:25,modified).wild,shaggy,rebellious,马丁路德（1483-1546）,翻译必须采用人民的语言。翻译必须注重语法和意思的联系。译者不能与语法背道而驰，但更应该注意意思的理解和表达。翻译必须遵循意译七原则。翻译必须集思广益。,JohnDryden,InthePrefacetohistranslationofOvidsEpistles(1680):metaphraseturninganauthorwordbyword,andlinebyline,fromonelanguageintoanother“.“paraphrase,ortranslationwithlatitudewheretheauthorswordsarenotsostrictlyfollowedbuthissense”.imitation,wherethetranslatorassumestheliberty,notonlytovaryfromthewordsandthesense,buttoforsakethembothasheseesoccasion,德莱顿（1631-1700）,翻译是艺术翻译必须掌握原作特征翻译必须考虑读者译者必须绝对服从原作的意思，在译文的措词上可以有自由，意义上却毫无自由。翻译可以借用外来词翻译分三类：逐字译、意译、拟作,2.GermanRomanticism,Atthebeginningofthenineteenthcentury,amorephilosophicalandlessempirical,formationbegantoopenwithindiscoursesontranslationtheory.Philologyprovidedarangeofnewandexotictextsandallowedtheexpertstoproducetranslationsaimedprimarilyatotherexperts,notthegeneralpublic.Romanticismexaltedthetranslatorasacreativegeniusinhisownright,intouchwiththegeniusofhisoriginalandenrichingtheliteratureandlanguageintowhichheistranslating(Bassnett-McGuire1980:65).Thestressonboththeoriginalauthorandthetranslatorasbeingartistswasnotpartoftraditionaldiscourseformations.,Schlegelwrotethat,intranslatingHomer,itwasnecessarytogetawayfromthenotionofliteralprecisionsocommonlyassociatedwithfidelity,becausetruthmustbethetranslatorshighest,indeedvirtuallyhisonly,mandate,FriedrichSchleiermachersOnDifferentMethodsofTranslating-themajordocumentofromantictranslationtheory,andoneofthemajordocumentsofWesterntranslationtheoryingeneral.Schleiermacherdistinguishedbetweentheinterpreter(Dolmetscher)whoworksintheworldofcommerce,andthetranslatorproper(Ubersetzer)whoworksinthefieldsofscholarshipandart.,Forthetruetranslator,thereareonlytwochoices:toeither(1)disturbthewriteraslittleaspossibleandmovethereaderinhisdirection,or(2)disturbthereaderaslittleaspossibleandmovethewriterinhisdirection,Schleiermacherspreferencewasfortheformer.Ifthetarget-languagereadersaretounderstand,theymustgraspthespiritofthelanguagenativetotheauthor,theymustbeabletogazeupontheauthorsinimitablepatternsofthinkingandmeaning;buttheonlytoolsthatthetranslatorcanoffertheminpursuitofthesegoalsaretheirownlanguage,whichnowherequitecorrespondstotheauthors,andhisownperson,hisowninconsistentlyclearunderstandingof,andvacillatingadmirationfor,theauthor.,施莱尔马赫（1768-1834）,翻译分笔译和口译翻译分真正的翻译（文学作品和科学作品的翻译，笔译）和机械的翻译（实用性的翻译，口译）翻译必须正确理解语言思维的辩证关系。翻译可以有两种途径。采用任何一种都必须坚持到底。,3.TheEarlyandMiddleTwentiethCentury,DiscussioninEnglishoftranslationtheoryduringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcenturycontinuedtobedominatedbythethemesofVictoriandiscourseontranslation,literalness,archaizing,pedantryandtheproductionofatextofsecond-rateliterarymeritforaneliteminority,AftertheSecondWorldWar,translationtheorywasprofoundlyinfluencedbyNoamChomskysconceptsofdeepstructureandsurfacestructure,andthefirststepsinmachinetranslation.Inthisviewtranslationisarecodingorchangeofsurfacestructureinrepresentationofthe-non-linguisticandultimatelyuniversal-deepstructureunderlyingit.Chomskystheoriesstronglyinfluencedthescienceoftranslatingasunderstoodduringthe1960sbyEugeneNidaandlater,duringthelate1970sbytheGermanschool.AsSnell-Hornbyelsewhereexplains,theGermanschoolatleastinitsearlydays,aimedatmakingthestudyoftranslationrigorouslyscientificandwatertight,and,likelinguistics,itadoptedviewsandmethodsoftheexactsciences,inparticularmathematicsandformallogic.Basically,translationwasviewedaslinguistictranscodingorsubstitution,wherebyElementsa1,a2,a3oftheinventoryoflinguisticsignsL1arereplacedbyElementsb1,b2,b3oftheinventoryoflinguisticsignsL2.,WhatFawcettdescribesastheheroicageoflinguisticallyorientedtranslationstudiesextendsfromthemid-1950stothemid-1980s(Fawcett1997:Foreword).ParticularmentionshouldbemadeoftheworkofJ.C.Catford(1965)andKatharinaReiss(1989).Theseextremelyvaluablestudiesfocusedontheword,phraseorsentencelevel.,alistofgreattheorists,RomanJakobson(雅可布逊)（布拉格学派）JohnCatford(卡特福德)（伦敦学派）PeterNewmark(纽马克)EugeneANida(奈达)WolframWilss(威尔斯),卡特福德,ALinguisticTheoryofTranslation运用Halliday的“阶和范畴语法”（ScaleadCategoryGrammar）一.翻译的性质二.翻译的类别三.翻译的对等问题,一,translationisthereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguagebyequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage.翻译是把一种语言的文字材料替换成另一种语言的对等的文字材料。关键词：对等语翻译理论的中心任务：definingthenatureandconditionsoftranslationequivalence(确定对等语的性质和条件),全文翻译(fulltranslation)和部分翻译(partialtranslation)完全翻译(totaltranslation)和有限翻译（restrictedtranslation）,对等问题,一方面：翻译对等是一种以经验为依据的现象。行文对等（textualequivalence）形式对等（formalcorrespondence）对等概率-翻译规则在翻译中，译者要选择的不是具有“相同意义”的对等语，而应是具有相同或相似场合特征的对等语,纽马克,翻译类别翻译性质翻译规则意义的流失,PeterNewmark,Hearguesthatthecentralproblemoftranslating.hasalwaysbeenwhethertotranslateliterallyorfreely.Semantictranslation:ispersonalandindividual,followsthethoughtprocessesoftheauthor,tendstoover-translate,pursuesnuancesofmeaning,yetaimsatconcisioninordertoreproducepragmaticimpact.Communicativetranslation,ontheotherhand,attemptstorendertheexactcontextualmeaningoftheoriginalinsuchawaythatbothcontentandlanguagearereadilyacceptableandcomprehensibletothereadership(Newmark1988:46-7).Informativeandvocative(non-literary)textsrequirecommunicativetranslation;expressive(literary)textstendmoretowardsthesemanticmethodoftranslation(Newmark1981:44).,类别,交际性翻译译作所产生的效果应力求接近原作，首先忠于译语和译文读者，即使原语屈从译语和译语文化，不给读者留下任何疑点和难懂之处，属欠额翻译语义性翻译屈从原语文化和原作者，翻译原文的语义，只在原文的内涵意义构成理解的最大障碍时才加以解释。属超额翻译直译死译,翻译性质,翻译既是科学，又是艺术。有标准化的译名，统一译名还有非标准化的东西,信息流失,原文涉及本国独特风俗、地理、历史的。在文体、感情色彩、抽象程度、评价尺度等方面同时对等很难译者和原作者不同的语义理论和价值观念,尤金奈达（1914-）,TowardaScienceofTranslating(翻译科学探索)TheTheoryandPracticeofTranslation（翻译理论与实践）TranslatingMeaning（译义）,理论原则翻译的性质翻译的功能语义分析,理论原则,语言的共性可译性差别在于对语言的需求翻译的首要任务是使读者看了译文就能一目了然。要流畅自然，读者无须原语的文化背景知识就能看懂。,翻译的性质,Nida：translatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesource-languagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.所谓翻译，就是从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。译文没有绝对的对等。reproducingthemessage;equivalenceratherthanidentity;anaturalequivalent;theclosestequivalent;thestyle;thepriorityofcontextualconsistencyoververbalconsistency;thepriorityofdynamicequivalenceoverformalcorrespondence;翻译的四个标准：达意、传神、措辞通顺自然、读者反应相似翻译是一种“再创造”，而不是“再生产”,翻译的功能,社会语言学和语言交际功能读者为中心灵活再现原文：语言交际的内容，交际的参与者，说话写作的过程，交际使用的具体语言，传递内容的方式。表达功能（expressivefunction）认识功能（cognitivefunction）人际关系功能（interpersonalfunction）信息功能（informativefunction）祈使功能（imperativefunction）司事功能（performativefunction）表感功能（emotivefunction）美学功能（aestheticfunction）,语义分析,语法意义、所指意义、内涵意义内涵意义与特定的语言使用者联系在一起（不同阶层）与使用的场合联系在一起与语言环境有关（greenwithenvy,greenworker）,Contemporarytime,ThefirstwasthequestioningofChomskyslinguistictheoriesbylinguiststhemselves.Thesecondwasthedevelopmentofanumberofnewanddynamicfieldswithinlinguistics,suchasdiscourseanalysis,textlinguistics,sociolinguistics,computationallinguistics,prototypesemantics,andotherassortedwonders(Pym1992:184),Frenchstructuralistandpost-structuralistthought(Nida2001:110):Languageisnottheproblem.IdeologyandpoliticsareThishasledtoaseparationbetweenlinguisticandculturalapproachestotranslationinthelastquarterofthetwentiethcentury.Forsometranslationscholars,indeed,ithasseemedthatstrictlylinguistictheorieshavebeensuperseded,astranslationhascometobeconsideredinitscultural,historicalandsociologicalcontext,EmergenceofTranslationStudies,thesystematicstudyoftranslation.notasanintrinsicpartoftheforeignlanguageteachingprocess,butforitsownsakeThefieldofTranslationStudieswasdecisivelydefinedbytheAmericanscholar,JamesHolmes,inhis1972paperonTheNameandNatureofTranslationStudies.ThereHolmesrejoicedthat,therehasbeenanewandincreasinginterestintranslationaftertheSecondWorldWar,particularlyfromtheadjacentfieldsoflinguistics,linguisticphilosophy,andliterarystudies,butalsofromsuchseeminglymoreremotedisciplinesasinformationtheory,logicandmathematics“HolmesdividesTranslationStudiesintotwomajorbranches,PureandApplied,andthensub-dividesthePureintotwofurthersub-branches:TheoreticalandDescriptiveTranslationStudies.,HereIwishtobrieflynotefiveareaswhichhaveledtobroaderapproachestotranslationbeyondthestaticprescriptivemodelsofthe1960s:skopostheory,polysystemtheory,descriptivetranslationtheory,postcolonialtheoryandfeminism.,TranslationStudiesreturnstheattentiontotheReceptorsideofthediagram.Skopostheorybeginsbyseeingtranslationasapurposefulaction,whichleadstoaresult,anewsituation,andpossiblytoanewobject.Theaimofthetranslationalaction,andthewayinwhichitisrealizedisnotrandom,butmustbenegotiatedwiththeclientwhocommissionstheaction.Thesourcetextisthebasisforallthehierarchicallyorderedrelevantfactorswhichultimatelydeterminethetranslatumtheresultingtranslatedtext,but,becausethetargettextisorientedtowardsthetargetreadership,itisthiswhichultimatelydefinesitsadequacy.AsVermeerinsists:Itthereforefollowsthatsourceandtargettextsmaydivergefromeachotherquiteconsiderablynotonlyintheformulationanddistributionofthecontentbutalsoasregardsthegoalswhicharesetforeach,andintermsofwhichthearrangementofthecontentisinfactdetermined(Vermeer,2000:221-3).,Polysystemtheorypaysattentiontothewaysinwhichsourcetextsarereceivedbythetargetcultureanditsliterarypolysystem.Even-Zoharemphasises:(a)thewaysourcetextsareselectedbythetargetliterature,theprinciplesofselectionneverbeinguncorrelatablewiththehomeco-systemsofthetargetliterature,and(b)thewayinwhichtranslatedworksadoptspecificnorms,behaviours,andpolicies-inshort,theiruseoftheliteraryrepertoire-whichresultsfromtheirrelationswiththeotherhomeco-systems(Venuti2000:192-3).,多系统论”-伊塔马埃文佐哈尔教授认为文学以及文化等社会符号现象都是一个开放式的多系统，即一个系统网（networkofsystems），包括各种关系，如：中心与边缘（centervs.periphery），经典化与非经典化(canonizedvs.non-canonized),来源与目的（sourcevs.target）等。这些因素都在为能成为主导因素而不断地斗争，于是，这些因素在文学系统中的地位也就在它们的不断斗争中从中心到边缘不断地进行转化。翻译文学就是文学系统中的因素之一。对于一些大的或“强势”文学来说，翻译文学只能处于边缘地位。翻译文学在以下条件下处于中心地位，成为主流文学的一部分：（1）某一文学处于未成形发展的初期，也就是说该文学还处于“年轻”阶段（即发展初期）；（2）某一文学（在一个大的相关文学群内）还处于“边缘”或处于“软弱”阶段或两者兼而有之：（3）某一文学处于转折时期，危机时期或出现文学真空时期。可见，翻译文学的介入（interference）是不可避免的，是文学史上不可分割的一部分。翻译文学处于中心地位时，译作将会接近原作，体现“充分性（adequacy）”；翻译文学处于边缘地位时，译作与原文之间就会产生更大的偏差（discrepancy）。,GideonTourysdescriptivetranslationtheoryagreeswithskopostheoryinseeingtranslatorshipasfulfillingafunctionallottedbythecommunityinawaywhichisdeemedappropriate.ButheextendsEven-Zoharsdiscussionbyhisemphasisonnorms,particularlytheliterarynormsofthereceivingliterature.Tourydescribesnormsasthegeneralvaluesorideassharedbyacommunity-astowhatisrightandwrong,adequateandinadequate,whicharethebasisforsanctionedperforma