LITERATUREREVIEW文献综述 (课堂PPT)

LITERATUREREVIEW,1,Dr.LiliAnn,2,WhatisLR?,Aliteraturereviewdiscussespublishedinformationinaparticularsubjectarea,andsometimesinformationinaparticularsubjectareawithinacertaintimeperiod.Aliteraturereviewcanbejustasimplesummaryofthesources,butitusuallyhasanorganizationalpatternandcombinesbothsummaryandsynthesis.,Dr.LiliAnn,3,WhatisLR?,Asummaryisarecapoftheimportantinformationofthesource,butasynthesisisare-organization,orareshuffling,ofthatinformation.Itmightgiveanewinterpretationofoldmaterialorcombinenewwitholdinterpretations.Oritmighttracetheintellectualprogressionofthefield,includingmajordebates.Anddependingonthesituation,theliteraturereviewmayevaluatethesourcesandadvisethereaderonthemostpertinentorrelevant.,Dr.LiliAnn,4,WhatisLR?,Theformatofareviewofliteraturemayvaryfromdisciplinetodisciplineandfromassignmenttoassignment.Areviewmaybeaself-containedunit-anendinitself-oraprefacetoandrationaleforengaginginprimaryresearch.Areviewisarequiredpartofgrantandresearchproposalsandoftenachapterinthesesanddissertations.Generally,thepurposeofareviewistoanalyzecriticallyasegmentofapublishedbodyofknowledgethroughsummary,classification,andcomparisonofpriorresearchstudies,reviewsofliterature,andtheoreticalarticles.,Dr.LiliAnn,5,WhatisLR?,Aliteraturereviewistheeffectiveevaluationofselecteddocumentsonaresearchtopic.Areviewmayformanessentialpartoftheresearchprocessormayconstitutearesearchprojectinitself.Inthecontextofaresearchpaperorthesistheliteraturereviewisacriticalsynthesisofpreviousresearch.Theevaluationoftheliteratureleadslogicallytotheresearchquestion.,Dr.LiliAnn,6,WhatisLR?,Dr.LiliAnn,7,WhywriteLR?,Literaturereviewsprovideyouwithahandyguidetoaparticulartopic.Ifyouhavelimitedtimetoconductresearch,literaturereviewscangiveyouanovervieworactasasteppingstone.Literaturereviewsalsoprovideasolidbackgroundforaresearchpapersinvestigation.Comprehensiveknowledgeoftheliteratureofthefieldisessentialtomostresearchpapers.,Dr.LiliAnn,8,WhywriteLR?,Forprofessionals,theyareusefulreportsthatkeepthemuptodatewithwhatiscurrentinthefield.Forscholars,thedepthandbreadthoftheliteraturereviewemphasizesthecredibilityofthewriterinhisorherfield,Dr.LiliAnn,9,WhywriteLR?,Thepurposeofaliteraturereviewisforyoutotakeacriticallookattheliterature(factsandviews)thatalreadyexistsintheareayouareresearching.Aliteraturereviewisnotashoppinglistofeverythingthatexists,butacriticalanalysisthatshowsanevaluationoftheexistingliteratureandarelationshipbetweenthedifferentworks.Itdemonstratestherelevanceoftheresearch.,Dr.LiliAnn,10,WhywriteLR?,Literaturecanincludebooks,journalarticles,internet(electronicjournals),newspapers,magazines,thesesanddissertations,conferenceproceedings,reports,anddocumentaries.Literaturereviewsarewrittenoccasionallyinthehumanities,butmostlyinthesciencesandsocialsciences;inexperimentandlabreports,theyconstituteasectionofthepaper.Sometimesaliteraturereviewiswrittenasapaperinitself.,Dr.LiliAnn,11,WhywriteLR?,Inthecontextofaresearchpaperonathesis,theliteraturereviewprovidesabackgroundtothestudybeingproposed.Thebackgroundmayconsideroneormoreofthefollowingaspectsdependingontheresearchquestionbeingposed:Theoreticalbackgroundpast,presentorfutureClinicalpracticepreviousorcontemporaryMethodologyand/orresearchmethodsPreviousfindingsRationaleand/orrelevanceofthecurrentstudy,Dr.LiliAnn,12,WhywriteLR?,InabroadercontextHart(1998)liststhefollowingpurposesofareview:Distinguishingwhathasbeendonefromwhatneedstobedone;Discoveringimportantvariablesrelevanttothetopic;Synthesisingandgaininganewperspective;Identifyingrelationshipsbetweenideasandpractice;Establishingthecontextofthetopicorproblem;,Dr.LiliAnn,13,WhywriteLR?,Rationalisingthesignificanceoftheproblem;Enhancingandacquiringthesubjectvocabulary;Understandingthestructureofthesubject;Relatingideasandtheorytoapplications;Identifyingmethodologiesandtechniquesthathavebeenused;Placingtheresearchinahistoricalcontexttoshowfamiliaritywithstate-of-the-artdevelopments.,Dr.LiliAnn,14,WhywriteLR?,Itspurposeisto:PlaceeachworkinthecontextofitscontributiontotheunderstandingofthesubjectunderreviewDescribetherelationshipofeachworktotheothersunderconsiderationIdentifynewwaystointerpret,andshedlightonanygapsin,previousresearchResolveconflictsamongstseeminglycontradictorypreviousstudiesIdentifyareasofpriorscholarshiptopreventduplicationofeffortPointthewayforwardforfurtherresearchPlaceonesoriginalwork(inthecaseofthesesordissertations)inthecontextofexistingliterature,Dr.LiliAnn,15,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,ClarifyIfyourassignmentisnotveryspecific,seekclarificationfromyoursupervisor/lecturer:Roughlyhowmanysourcesshouldyouinclude?Whattypesofsources(books,journalarticles,websites)?Shouldyousummarize,synthesize,orcritiqueyoursourcesbydiscussingacommonthemeorissue?Shouldyouevaluateyoursources?Shouldyouprovidesubheadingsandotherbackgroundinformation,suchasdefinitionsand/orahistory?,Dr.LiliAnn,16,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,FindmodelsLookforotherliteraturereviewsinyourareaofinterestorinthedisciplineandreadthemtogetasenseofthetypesofthemesyoumightwanttolookforinyourownresearchorwaystoorganizeyourfinalreview.YoucansimplyputthewordreviewinyoursearchenginealongwithyourothertopictermstofindarticlesofthistypeontheInternetorinanelectronicdatabase.Thebibliographyorreferencesectionofsourcesyouvealreadyreadarealsoexcellententrypointsintoyourownresearch.,Dr.LiliAnn,17,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,NarrowyourtopicTherearehundredsoreventhousandsofarticlesandbooksonmostareasofstudy.Thenarroweryourtopic,theeasieritwillbetolimitthenumberofsourcesyouneedtoreadinordertogetagoodsurveyofthematerial.Yourinstructorwillprobablynotexpectyoutoreadeverythingthatsoutthereonthetopic,butyoullmakeyourjobeasierifyoufirstlimityourscope.,Dr.LiliAnn,18,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,ConsiderwhetheryoursourcesarecurrentSomedisciplinesrequirethatyouuseinformationthatisascurrentaspossible.Inthesciences,forinstance,treatmentsformedicalproblemsareconstantlychangingaccordingtothelateststudies.Informationeventwoyearsoldcouldbeobsolete.,Dr.LiliAnn,19,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,However,ifyouarewritingareviewinthehumanities,history,orsocialsciences,asurveyofthehistoryoftheliteraturemaybewhatisneeded,becausewhatisimportantishowperspectiveshavechangedthroughtheyearsorwithinacertaintimeperiod.Trysortingthroughsomeothercurrentbibliographiesorliteraturereviewsinthefieldtogetasenseofwhatyourdisciplineexpects.Youcanalsousethismethodtoconsiderwhatishotandwhatisnot.,Dr.LiliAnn,20,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,FindafocusAliteraturereview,likeatermpaper,isusuallyorganizedaroundideas,notthesourcesthemselvesasanannotatedbibliographywouldbeorganized.Thismeansthatyouwillnotjustsimplylistyoursourcesandgointodetailabouteachoneofthem,oneatatime.No.,Dr.LiliAnn,21,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,Asyoureadwidelybutselectivelyinyourtopicarea,considerinsteadwhatthemesorissuesconnectyoursourcestogether.Dotheypresentoneordifferentsolutions?Isthereanaspectofthefieldthatismissing?Howwelldotheypresentthematerialanddotheyportrayitaccordingtoanappropriatetheory?Dotheyrevealatrendinthefield?Aragingdebate?Pickoneofthesethemestofocustheorganizationofyourreview.,Dr.LiliAnn,22,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,ConstructaworkingthesisstatementThenusethefocusyouvefoundtoconstructathesisstatement.Yes!Literaturereviewshavethesisstatementsaswell!However,yourthesisstatementwillnotnecessarilyargueforapositionoranopinion;ratheritwillargueforaparticularperspectiveonthematerial.,Dr.LiliAnn,23,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,Somesamplethesisstatementsforliteraturereviewsareasfollows:Thecurrenttrendintreatmentforcongestiveheartfailurecombinessurgeryandmedicine.Moreandmoreculturalstudiesscholarsareacceptingpopularmediaasasubjectworthyofacademicconsideration.,Dr.LiliAnn,24,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,ConsiderorganizationYouvegotafocus,andyouvenarroweditdowntoathesisstatement.Nowwhatisthemosteffectivewayofpresentingtheinformation?Whatarethemostimportanttopics,subtopics,etc.,thatyourreviewneedstoinclude?Andinwhatordershouldyoupresentthem?,Dr.LiliAnn,25,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,Developanorganizationforyourreviewatbothaglobalandlocallevel:First,coverthebasiccategoriesJustlikemostacademicpapers,literaturereviewsalsomustcontainatleastthreebasicelements:anintroductionorbackgroundinformationsection;thebodyofthereviewcontainingthediscussionofsources;and,finally,aconclusionand/orrecommendationssectiontoendthepaper.,Dr.LiliAnn,26,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,Introduction:Givesaquickideaofthetopicoftheliteraturereview,suchasthecentralthemeororganizationalpattern.Body:Containsyourdiscussionofsourcesandisorganizedeitherchronologically,thematically,ormethodologically(seebelowformoreinformationoneach).Conclusions/Recommendations:Discusswhatyouhavedrawnfromreviewingliteraturesofar.Wheremightthediscussionproceed?,Dr.LiliAnn,27,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,Theintroductionshouldprovidethereaderwiththescaleandstructureofyourreview.Itservesasakindofmap.Thebodyofthereviewdependsonhowyouhaveorganisedyourkeypoints.Literaturereviewsatpostgraduatelevelshouldbeevaluativeandnotmerelydescriptive.Forexamplepossiblereasonsforsimilaritiesordifferencesbetweenstudiesareconsideredratherthanamereidentificationofthem.Theconclusionofthereviewneedstosumupthemainfindingsofyourresearchintotheliterature.Thefindingscanberelatedtotheaimsofthestudyyouareproposingtodo.Thereaderisthusprovidedwithacoherentbackgroundtothecurrentstudy.,Dr.LiliAnn,28,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,OrganizingthebodyOnceyouhavethebasiccategoriesinplace,thenyoumustconsiderhowyouwillpresentthesourcesthemselveswithinthebodyofyourpaper.Createanorganizationalmethodtofocusthissectionevenfurther.Tohelpyoucomeupwithanoverallorganizationalframeworkforyourreview,considerthesixtypicalwaysoforganizingthesourcesintoareview:ChronologicalBypublicationBytrendThematicMethodologicalQuestionsforFurtherResearch,Dr.LiliAnn,29,WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?,Similartoprimaryresearch,developmentoftheliteraturereviewrequiresfourstages:Problemformulationwhichtopicorfieldisbeingexaminedandwhatareitscomponentissues?LiteraturesearchfindingmaterialsrelevanttothesubjectbeingexploredDataevaluationdeterminingwhichliteraturemakesasignificantcontributiontotheunderstandingofthetopicAnalysisandinterpretationdiscussingthefindingsandconclusionsofpertinentliterature,Dr.LiliAnn,30,Whatshouldyouwrite?,theacceptedfactsintheareathepopularopinionthemainvariablestherelationshipbetweenconceptsandvariablesshortcomingsintheexistingfindingslimitationsinthemethodsusedintheexistingfindingstherelevanceofyourresearchsuggestionsforfurtherresearchinthearea.,Dr.LiliAnn,31,Whatshouldyouwrite?,Literaturereviewsshouldcomprisethefollowingelements:Anoverviewofthesubject,issueortheoryunderconsideration,alongwiththeobjectivesoftheliteraturereviewDivisionofworksunderreviewintocategories(e.g.thoseinsupportofaparticularposition,thoseagainst,andthoseofferingalternativethesesentirely)ExplanationofhoweachworkissimilartoandhowitvariesfromtheothersConclusionsastowhichpiecesarebestconsideredintheirargument,aremostconvincingoftheiropinions,andmakethegreatestcontributiontotheunderstandinganddevelopmentoftheirareaofresearch,Dr.LiliAnn,32,Whatshouldyouwrite?,Inassessingeachpiece,considerationshouldbegivento:ProvenanceWhataretheauthorscredentials?Aretheauthorsargumentssupportedbyevidence(e.g.primaryhistoricalmaterial,casestudies,narratives,statistics,recentscientificfindings)?ObjectivityIstheauthorsperspectiveeven-handedorprejudicial?Iscontrarydataconsideredoriscertainpertinentinformationignoredtoprovetheauthorspoint?PersuasivenessWhichoftheauthorsthesesaremost/leastconvincing?ValueAretheauthorsargumentsandconclusionsconvincing?Doestheworkultimatelycontributeinanysignificantwaytoanunderstandingofthesubject?,Dr.LiliAnn,33,Whatshouldyouwrite?,LayoutMakeyourliteraturereviewhaveanacademicandprofessionalappearance.HerearesomepointstomakethelookofyourreportappealingtothereaderWhitespace:leavespacebetweensections,especiallyfromtheabstract.Thisgivesanunclutteredeffect.Headings/sub-headings:thesehelptoseparateideas.Textboxes:youcanusetheseforquotationsorparaphrasingtoseparatethemfromtherestofyourtext.Itisalsopleasingtotheeye.,Dr.LiliAnn,34,Whatshouldyouwrite?,Graphics:centreyourgraphics,suchasdiagramsortables,tohavespacearoundthem.Trynottoburygraphicsinyourtext.Pagination:youcannumberpagesorsectionsorboth,buttheimportantthingtodoistobeconsistent.Thecoverpagenormallyisnotnumbered.Thecontentpageandabstractpageusuallyhaveaseparatenumberingsystemtothebodyofyourliteraturereview.,Dr.LiliAnn,35,Whatshouldyouwrite?,LanguagefocusCreateabalancebetweendirectquotation(citation)andparaphrasing.Avoidtoomuchdirectquoting.Theverbtensechosendependsonyouremphasis:Whenyouarecitingaspecificauthorsfindings,usethepasttense:(found,demonstrated);Whenyouarewritingaboutanacceptedfact,usethepresenttense:(demonstrates,finds);andWhenyouarecitingseveralauthorsormakingageneralstatement,usethepresentperfecttense:(haveshown,havefound,littleresearchhasbeendone).,Dr.LiliAnn,36,Whatshouldyouwrite?,FinalchecklistHaveIfulfilledthepurposeoftheliteraturereview?Isitwrittenatalevelappropriatetoitsaudience?Areitsfactscorrect?Isalltheinformationincludedrelevant?Arethelayoutandpresentationeasyontheeye?Isthelanguageclear,conciseandacademic?Doestheabstractsummarisetheentirereview?Doestheintroductionadequatelyintroducethetopic?Isthebodyorganisedlogically?Doestheconclusioninterpret,analyseandevaluate?Aretherecommendationsreasonable?Doesthetableofcontentscorrespondwiththeactualcontents?Arepagenumberscorrect?HaveIacknowledgedallsourcesofinformationthroughcorrectreferencing?HaveIcheckedspelling,grammarandpunctuation?HaveIcarefullyproof-readthefinaldraft?,Dr.LiliAnn,37,Howtoreview?,Thewholeprocessofreviewingincludes:a.Searchingforliteratureb.Sortingandprioritisingtheretrievedliteraturec.Analyticalreadingofpapersd.Evaluativereadingofpaperse.Comparisonacrossstudiesf.Organisingthecontentg.Writingthereview,Dr.LiliAnn,38,Howtoreview?,ComparisonacrossstudiesTheaimistoextractkeypointsbycomparingandcontrastingACROSSstudies,insteadofreadingonepaperafteranother.Keypointsforareviewmayconcernareasofsimilaritiesand/ordifferencesin:Researchaim(s)orhypothesesResearchdesignandsamplingInstrumentsandproceduresusedHowdatawereanalysedResultsorfindingsInterpretations,Dr.LiliAnn,39,Howtoreview?,Findsimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenstudiesatdifferentlevels,e.g.:-philosophy-epistemology-morality-methodology-methods-typesofdata-dataanalysis-interpretation,Dr.LiliAnn,40,Howtoreview?,Setoutyourthinkingonpaperthroughmapsandtrees.,Dr.LiliAnn,41,Howtoreview?,Tipsonwriting,Dr.LiliAnn,42,Howtoreview?,Pitfalls-Vaguenessduetotoomuchorinappropriategeneralisations-Limitedrange-Insufficientinformation-Irrelevantmaterial-Omissionofcontrastingview-Omissionofrecentwork,Dr.LiliAnn,43,Example,Earlyworkshaveaddressedsomeoftheproblemsandissuesdiscussedinvideoretrieval.Researchershavedevelopedideasandtoolsforsupportingvideoediting,forexamplein8.Theyhavedefinedaseamlessvideoeditinginthegradientdomain.Thespatio-temporalgradientfieldsoftargetvideosaremodifiedormixedtogenerateanewgradientfield,whichisusuallynotintegrateable.Theyhavealsodescribedhowsemanticinformationaboutvideocanbestructuredandusedforcontent-basedaccess.Fromageneralvideoarchivepointofview,theproblemwiththistoolisthelackofsupportformanagingvideodocumentstructures.Adigitalvideoarchiveservingdifferentcategoriesofusersshouldoffer